Mantle lithosphere

Hawkesworth CJ, Kempton PD, Rogers NW, Ellam RM, van Calsteren PW (1990) Continental mantle lithosphere, and shallow level enrichment processes in the Earth s mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 96 256-... 

A central tenet to the step-wise model is that the continental lithosphere deforms as a series of small plates, and that plate boundary stresses are sufficient to reactivate old suture boundaries as sites of crustal thickening and mantle subduction far from the plate boundary. The continental crust thickens homogeneously above internally undeformed mantle lithosphere that is partially subducted at these boundaries. Localized strain at sites of strike-slip and mantle subduction also requires a mechanically competent lower crust and mantle lithosphere such that stresses are efficiently transmitted from the mantle lithosphere through the crust. 

The step-wise model describes the rise of three successive plateaus along discrete vertical boundaries separated in time by tens of millions of years. Attainment of elevation occurs episodically and progresses away from the collision zone at distinct time intervals that are coeval with periods of upper crustal shortening, magmatism related to mantle lithosphere subduction, and high erosion rates that produce sediment and basin infilling to subdue relief (Fig. 2A). 

Garzione CN, Molnar P, Libarkin JC, MacFadden BJ (2006) Rapid late Miocene rise of the Bolivian Altiplano Evidence for removal of mantle lithosphere. Earth Planet Sd Ixtt 241 543-556 Garzione CN, Molnar P, Libarkin JC, McFadden BJ (2007) Reply to Comment on Rapid late Miocene rise of the Bolivian Altiplano Evidence for removal of mantle lithosphere by Garzione et al. (2006), Earth Planet Sci Lett 241 (2006) 543-556. Earth Planet Sci Lett 259 630-633 Ghosh P, Garzione CN, Eiler JM (2006) Rapid uplift of the Altiplano revealed through 13C-lsO bonds in paleosol carbonates. Science 311 511-515... 

Pysklywec RN, Beaumont C, Fullsack P (2000) Modeling the behaviour of the continental mantle lithosphere during plate convergence. Geology 28 655-658... 

From available, though approximate, estimates, about 1023 g of carbon-containing gases are concentrated in the rocks of the Earth s crust and mantle (lithosphere) (Korstenshtein, 1984 Sokolov, 1971). This mass of carbon exceeds by approximately 104 times the amount present today in the biosphere (over the Earth surface). Between the biosphere and lithosphere there is a constant, very intensive exchange of carbon that is self-regulatory. From the data of Barenbaum (2000, 2002), due to the Le Chatelier principle (Krapivin et al., 1982), the content of mobile carbon in the system tries to attain a stable relationship ... 

Rehk per M., Halliday A. N., Alt J., Eitton J. G., Zipfel J., and Takzawa E. (1999) Non-chondritic platinum-group element ratios in oceanic mantle lithosphere petrogenetic signature of melt percolation Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 65, 65-81. 

Figure 30 Simplified geological map of the Lherz orogenic peridotite (Eastern Pyrenees), after Conquere (1978) and Monchoux (unpublished data), showing the hazburgite layering concordant with peridotite foliation. Based on their enriched Nd-Sr isotopic composition (e.g., Downes et al, 1991), the harzburgite layers are interpreted as residual strips of aged, isotopically enriched, but refractory, mantle lithosphere, embedded into younger, depleted but fertile, asthenospheric mantle (spinel Iherzolites). This marble cake stmcture is tentatively ascribed to thermomechanical erosion of lithospheric mantle by upwelling asthenosphere.

Reisberg L. and Lorand J.-P. (1995) Longevity of sub-continental mantle lithosphere from osmium isotope systematics in erogenic peridotite massifs. Nature 376, 159-162. 

Peridotitic lithologies comprise more than 95% of the mantle lithosphere (Schulze, 1989). Thus, macrodiamonds in kimberlite are believed to come from mostly peridotitic hosts that break up during the sampling or transport that accompanies kim-berlitic volcanism. Sobolev (1974) and Hatton and Gurney (1979) noted the dichotomy that peridotite xenoliths greatly outnumber eclogite xenoliths and peridotitic silicate inclusions in diamond... 

Canil D. and Fedortchouk Y. (2000) Clinopyroxene-liquid partitioning for vanadium and the oxygen fugacity during formation of cratonic and oceanic mantle lithosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 26003-26016. 

Gao S., Rudnick R. L., Carlson R. W., McDonough W. F., and Liu Y.-S. (2002) Re-Os evidence for replacement of ancient mantle lithosphere beneath the North China craton. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 198, 307-322. 

Hoal K. E. O., Hoal B. G., Erlank A. J., and Shimizu N. (1994) Metasomatism of the mantle lithosphere recorded by rare earth elements in garnets. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 126, 303-313. 

Russell J. K., Dipple G. M., and Kopylova M. G. (2001) Heat production and heat flow in the mantle lithosphere, Slave craton, Canada. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 123, 27 -44. 

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