Manifold multi-level

Mental disorders, also called affective disorders, are multi-level, multi-scale and multiple-system diseases (Fig. 7.1). Mental disturbances generally go along with disturbances of autonomous functions. These essentially are (1) sleep disturbances, both sleep duration and sleep pattern, and (2) disturbances of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the so-called stress axis with elevated cortisol levels. It can be expected that disturbances of autonomous control systems as well as mood are caused by neuronal malfunctioning which may concern practically all neuronal levels systemic interactions, neuronal network connections, single neuron dynamics, synaptic transmitters and/or receptors, ion channels, second messengers, and gene expression (Fig. 7.1a). Nevertheless, despite a manifold of data, there are only vague ideas so far about the differences in neuronal dynamics in the brain of a chronically depressed person compared with a person with a sensitive but balanced mood. 

Multi-level (tiered) manifolds are also made up from separate units (in the form of beams, cross-pieces, etc.), enabling flow paths to be shortened. One interesting manifold system is a modular design in which, for example, the main manifold cross-piece connects to four intermediate cross-pieces (see Figure 4.73). 

This makes it possible to design multi-level manifolds for 4-64 nozzles. This system gives the user considerable freedom to locate nozzles in the mould using standard manifolds, which lowers the cost of the mould. 

Figure 6. DCSs for reaction of F with H2(j =0) ( upper panels) and H2(j=l) (lower panels) to yield HF at Ecoi = 1-84. The left hand panels refer to single-surface calculations on the HSW PES while the right panels refer to the multi-surface calculations with the ASW PESs. The heavy soUd curve depicts the total reactive DCS. siuiuned over all final states the Ught soUd and dashed curves designate the DCS for reaction into all rotational levels of HF in the v = 2 and v=3 vibrational manifolds, respectively.

Fitting the powder hneshape, even with multi-field spectra, may not be efficient for extracting the tensor parameters with a good confidence level, because of the lack of site-specific information in the static powder lineshape. More precise values can be obtained from the analysis of the spinning sideband-manifolds in MQMAS or in DOR spectra. Flowever, due to the intrinsic insensitivity of MQMAS experiments, complete spinning sideband-manifolds are seldom visible in MQMAS spectra. Conversely, the DOR spinning-sideband manifold can be extremely usefiol for deducing the tensor parameters [79]. 

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