Manganese synthesis

Metabolic Functions. Manganese is essential for normal body stmcture, reproduction, normal functioning of the central nervous system, and activation of numerous enzymes (126). Synthesis of the mucopolysaccharide chondroitin sulfate involves a series of reactions where manganese is required in at least five steps (127). These reactions are responsible for formation of polysaccharides and linkage between the polysaccharide and proteins that form... 

The presence of the foreign cation stabilizes the crystal structure of a - Mn02 compounds. This manganese dioxide modification (more exactly it is not a real MnOz modification, since the structure contains a considerable proportion of foreign atoms) can be heated to relatively high temperatures (300 - 400 °C) without destruction of the lattice. Although Thackeray et al. reported the synthesis of cation-and water- free a - MnOz [49, 50J, which is reported to be stable up to 300 °C without destruction of the [2 x 2] tunnel structure, it is commonly believed that a small,... 

This photodriven benzannulation was used in the synthesis of indolocar-bazoles (Eq. 22) [96] and calphostins (Eq. 23) [97]. The thermal insertion of isonitriles into these same classes of carbenes provided a complementary approach to similar benzannulations [98-100]. Manganese alkoxycarbene complexes underwent both inter- [101] and intramolecular [102] photodriven benzannulation reactions with alkynes (Eqs. 24 and 25). 

Manganese(III)-promoted radical cyclization of arylthioformanilides and a-benzoylthio-formanilides is a recently described microwave-assisted example for the synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazoles and 2-benzoylbenzothiazoles. In this study, manganese triacetate is introduced as a new reagent to replace potassium ferricyanide or bromide. The 2-substituted benzothiazoles are generated in 6 min at 110°C imder microwave irradiation (300 W) in a domestic oven with no real control of the temperature (reflux of acetic acid) (Scheme 15). Conventional heating (oil bath) of the reaction at 110 °C for 6 h gave similar yields [16]. 

Addition of phosphonyl radicals onto alkenes or alkynes has been known since the sixties [14]. Nevertheless, because of the interest in organic synthesis and in the initiation of free radical polymerizations [15], the modes of generation of phosphonyl radicals [16] and their addition rate constants onto alkenes [9,12,17] has continued to be intensively studied over the last decade. Narasaka et al. [18] and Romakhin et al. [19] showed that phosphonyl radicals, generated either in the presence of manganese salts or anodically, add to alkenes with good yields. 

Asymmetric epoxidation is another important area of activity, initially pioneered by Sharpless, using catalysts based on titanium tetraisoprop-oxide and either (+) or (—) dialkyl tartrate. The enantiomer formed depends on the tartrate used. Whilst this process has been widely used for the synthesis of complex carbohydrates it is limited to allylic alcohols, the hydroxyl group bonding the substrate to the catalyst. Jacobson catalysts (Formula 4.3) based on manganese complexes with chiral Shiff bases have been shown to be efficient in epoxidation of a wide range of alkenes. 

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