Error magnitude

This same data is plotted in the chart on the following page. The mean absolute deviation and standard deviation are plotted as points with error bars, and the shaded blocks plot the largest positive and negative-magnitude errors. 

Patterson CC, Settle M (1976) The reduction of orders of magnitude errors in lead analysis. In LaFleur PD (ed) Accuracy in trace analysis sampling, sample handling, analysis. NBS Special Publication 422, p. 321... 

Even allowing for an order of magnitude error in this estimate, we see that there is an exceptionally strong field in the vicinity of a charged interface. In Section 12.8 we examine this in greater detail and consider whether we are justified in using bulk values for such parameters as the permittivity e and the viscosity r within the double layer. 

This turns out to have important implications for many algorithms. For example, linear predictive coding (Chapter 8) minimizes the least-squared error in both the time and frequency domains, because the sum of squares of the time error signal is equal to the sum of squares of the spectral magnitude error. 

In testing the flight software implementation, Analex-Denver used IMS default values instead of the actual II constants contained on the flight tape. Generic or default II constants were used because they believed the actual II constants could not be adequately validated in their rigid body simulations, that is, the rigid body simulation of the vehicle would not exercise the filters sufficiently. They found out after the mission failure that if they had used the actual II constants in their simulation, they would have found the order of magnitude error. 

Ignorance or neglect of individual sorption reactions or variables may lead to order-of-magnitude error in calculated aqueous solution-solid phase partition coefficients. 

The absorption of a photon can result in reemisaon of another photon, dissociation or ionization of the molecule, and many experiments do not distinguish between these processes. If the photon energy is insufficient to ionize the molecule and if the absorption is continuous, it is likely that photodissociation is the dominant process. In other cases, additional information on the fluorescence and/or ionization cross sections is needed to infer the dissociation probabilities For some species, the fluorescence cross sections have been measured explicitly. Figure 46 compares the absorption and fluorescence results for NO. It appears that for some bands the fluorescence yield is large, whereas for other bands, photodissociation occurs with almost 100% probability. The absorption cross sections for continuous processes measured at low resolution are quite accurate. However, for discrete absorptions, high resolution and low pressures are essential to obtain reliable experimental results, because saturation effects can easily cause orders of magnitude errors. Another... 

We used the IRAF qphot package to get these photometries. The magnitude errors are obtained by the sky fluctuation of the images. 

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