Magnetoelectric devices

Ferroelectrics may And application in magnetoelectric devices, either in combination with magnetic materials or intrinsically as a multiferroic material. The latter represents a rare class of materials that are both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic, and often also ferroelastic, in the same phase [113]. This means that, simultaneously, they can undergo spontaneous polarization, magnetization, and deformation that can be reoriented by the respective application of an electric or magnetic fleld, or by... 

Fig. IX-18. Schematic representation of a device for measurement of contact strength in liquid media a, b - samples 1 - magnetoelectric dynamometer 2,3 - holders 4 - manipulator, 5 - container with a liquid [16,17]...

The formation of contacts can be studied experimentally using the magnetoelectric galvanometer-based device described in detail earlier in this book (see Chapter 5). Since there is no need to measure distance, the measuring scheme allows one to measure forces on the order of 10 N. 

It is only to be expected that some nonequilibrium detector stmctures have their analogs in semiconductor lasers. Exclusion detectors correspond to single-hetero-lasers, extraction devices to double-heterolasers, and magnetoconcentration detectors to lasers with the magnetoelectric photoeffect proposed by Marimoto et al. [331]. This inverse analogy is valid not only in electrical, but also in optical field, where e.g., resonant cavity (RCE) detector structures are connected with VCSEL lasers, and lasers with a PBG cavity with PCE (photonic crystal-enhanced) detectors. 

---