Magnetic properties of solids

The study of the multifarious magnetic properties of solids, followed in due course by the sophisticated control of those properties, has for a century been a central concern both of physicists and of materials scientists. The history of magnetism illustrates several features of modern materials science. 

Important parameters used to characterize the magnetic properties of solids are the magnetic susceptibility, the permeability and the magnetic moment (Cotton Wilkinson, 1988 West, 1988). 

The remaining chapters each deal with a property or a special class of solid. Chapter 4 covers low-dimensional solids, the properties of which are not isotropic. Chapter 5 deals with zeolites, an interesting class of compounds used extensively in industry (as catalysts, for example), the properties of which strongly reflect their stracture. Chapter 6 deals with optical properties and Chapter 7 with magnetic properties of solids. Finally, Chapter 8 explores the exciting field of superconductors, particularly the relatively recently discovered high temperature superconductors. 

A. S. Chakravarty, Introduction to the Magnetic Properties of Solids , Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1970. 

Crangle J (1997) The Magnetic Properties of Solids. In The Structures and Properties of Solids, vol 6. Arnold, London... 

The last two decades have been marked by an ever increasing interest in the theory of solids as is indicated by the development of the electronic band approximation which has been so successful in the understanding and interpretation of the optical, electrical, and magnetic properties of solids. This and similar advances made by the physicists have provided new tools for the interpretation and elucidation of the catalytic efficacy of a solid. These tools had been sorely needed and long awaited, for it was Roginskif and Schultz (337) and Russell (357) who had emphasized the importance of the electronic factor even before the introduction of the geometric factor by Balandin (13) and the ensemble principle by Kobozev. 

Crangle J (1977) The magnetic properties of solids. Edward Arnold, London... 

Crangle J (1977) The Magnetic Properties of Solids. Edward Arnold Limited, London Dunlop DJ, Ozdemir O (1997) Rock Magnetism Fundamentals and Frontiers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK... 

Investigations of magnetic properties of solids containing RE s led quite early to the conclusion that 4/-electrons can be considered as highly localized, atomic-like electrons. The influence of the crystalline electric field was expected and shown to be small compared to spin-orbit coupling, mainly because of the shielding effects of outer... 

The transition metal ions generally have a number of d electrons in their outer shell, and because the energy difference between the various configurations is small, the arrangement adopted will depend upon a variety of external factors, such as the geometry of the crystal structure (see also Chapter 12 and Section S4.5). The lanthanides have an incomplete 4f shell of electrons, and the actinides an incomplete 5f shell. In these elements, the f orbitals are shielded from the effects of the surrounding crystal structure. The d and f electrons control many of the important optical and magnetic properties of solids. 

So far, in this chapter, the band model of the solid has been ignored. This is because magnetism is associated with the d and f orbitals. These orbitals are not broadened greatly by interactions with the surroundings and even in a solid remain rather narrow. The resulting situation is quite well described in terms of localised electrons placed in d or f orbitals on a particular atom. However, some aspects of the magnetic properties of solids can be explained only by band theory concepts. 

Chakravarty, A.S. Magnetic Properties of Solids (J. Wiley, New York 1980). 

Magnetic Properties of Solids. Surfaces, Interfaces. Molecules, and Clusters ... 

Several parameters may be used to describe the magnetic properties of solids. One of these is the ratio of the permeability in a material to the permeability in a vacuum, or... 

---