Magnetic fields paramagnetism

Particular elements show properties of magnetism when placed in a magnetic field. Paramagnetic elements are elements that are attracted to a magnet, and paramagnetism is connected with unpaired electrons. Notice from the previous example that iron has four... 

This derivation, evidently, is well valid for substances obeying a linear dependence of the magnetisation upon the applied magnetic field (paramagnets), and this cannot be overemphasised. Now the expression for the mean magnetic susceptibility is straightforward... 

Thus, a problem can arise as these two very different cases can give rise to similar six-line spectra. However, one can differentiate between these two cases by application of a strong external magnetic field. Paramagnetic hyperfine split (PHS) spectra, unless already very sharp, become much sharper whereas the spectra of magnetically ordered iron oxides broaden or even double. Also in PHS spectra an increase in iron concentration leads to a reduction in the area under the sextet component to the benefit of the central singlet or doublet. 

Fourth type of barrier membrane process works on the principle of exclusion, but by an external power field, was applied in O2/N2 separation, using porous membranes under a strong magnetic field (paramagnetic O2 was excluded from the field and the membrane). 

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