Magnetic field effects definition

Now the effective conductivity ia the direction of the electric field is <7/(1 + /5 ), ie, the scalar conductivity reduced by a factor of (1 + /5 ) by the magnetic field. Also, the electric current no longer flows in the direction of the electric field a component j exists which is perpendicular to both the electric and magnetic fields. This is the Hall current. The conductivity in the direction of the Hall current is greater by a factor of P than the conductivity in the direction of the electric field. The calculation of the scalar conductivity starts from its definition ... 

SMART MATERIALS. From a technical and simple point of view, a smart material is a material that responds to its environment in a timely manner. To expand on this definition, a smart material is one that receives, transmits, or processes a stimulus and responds by producing a useful effect, which may include a signal that the material is acting upon it. Stimuli may include strain, stress, temperature, chemicals, an electric field, a magnetic field, hydrostatic pressures, different types of radiation, and other forms of stimuli. Transmission or processing of the stimulus may be in the form of an absorption of a photon, of a chemical reaction, of an... 

In many simple solids, — for example certain hydrated crystalline salts —, we actually have pairs of protons in definite orientations, and may expect to find a two-fold NMR resonance. This is indeed observed the lines are not narrow and isolated, however, but appear instead as a broadened and partially blended pair of lines, as in Fig. 2 b, the separation of which depends upon the orientation of the crystal in the magnetic field. In such substances, the interactions of the members of each proton pair dominate, but the magnetic interactions between the pairs are not negligible. These many smaller interactions, varying with both r and 6, give rise in effect to... 

Figure 3 The Faraday Effect within magnetic optical rotatory dispersion (MORD) spectroscopy. A plane polarized beam is rotated by a magnetic field applied parallel to the axis of propagation. The rotation is defined as positive if the beam is rotated to the right in a clockwise direction when viewed toward the source (a). The original definition of Icp and rep within CD spectroscopy—fight plane polarized in the yz-plane can be described in mathematical terms as being comprised of left or right circularly polarized components of equal phase and amplitude (b). The perspective is depicted schematically toward the source. (Reprinted from Mack, Stillman and Kobayashi, Elsevier 2007)...

In addition to catalytic applications, the perovskite backbone is a key component in modern high-temperature superconductive materials. By definition, a superconductor exhibits no resistance to electrical conductivity, and will oppose an external magnetic field, a phenomenon referred to as the Meissner effect (Figure 2.19). Many pure transition metals e.g., Ti, Zr, Hf, Mo, W, Ru, Os, Ir, Zn, Cd, Hg) and main group metals e.g., Al, Ga, In, Sn, Pb) exhibit superconductivity, many only when exposed to high-pressure conditions. These materials are referred to as Type I or soft superconductors. 

General Theory. In addition to the work already quoted, a few papers considering various aspects of the general theory of polarizabilities are also included. We mention the efforts to consider the effects of the polarizability of relatively crude models (such as metallic spheres) [101, 103]. The tensor representations of molecular polarizabilities have been carefully discussed [84, 141, 362]. More general procedures applicable to a variety of systems (including big molecules and molecular complexes) that are often based on classical electrostatics have been proposed [4, 21, 118, 119, 127, 135, 136]. Various books and articles are concerned with the definition of the terms in common use [12, 13, 20, 91, 109]. Other articles deal with relevant general properties of matter [22, 113] and molecules in electric and magnetic fields [31,239], triplet polarizabilities [10,61, 102,126,208], and the calculations of polarizabilities of molecules in the liquid. 

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