Machu Picchu

Bingham, Hiram, Machu Picchu, a Citadel of the Incas, Yale University... 

Gordon, R.B. and J.W. Rntledge Bismuth Bronze from Machu Picchu, Peru, Science, 223, 585 -588 (1984),... 

The Incas used terraces to make optimal use of the limited land areas available for cultivation.These terraces are found near Machu Picchu, Peru. JLM Visuals. Reproduced by permission. 

Turner, B., G. Kamenov, J. Kingston, and G. Armelagos. 2009. Insights into immigration and social class at Machu Picchu, Peru based on oxygen, strontium, and lead isotopic analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 36 317-332. 

Peru built a mountain top complex at Machu Picchu where the survey stones used for laying out the buddings can still be seen. In succeeding years, surveyors have been called on for the layout of city streets, the sites of bridges, the placement of building foundations, and the determination of property boundaries. 

Wright, Kenneth R., and Alfredo Valencia Zegarra. Machu Picchu A Civil Engineering Marvel. Reston, Va. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. A profusely illustrated analysis of the mountaintop complex highlighting the surveying problems encountered and with photographs of the ancient survey stones. 

The city of Machu Picchu (see Fig. 1.2) is one of the most important archeological sites in the Americas. It is located in the mountains of Peru and was detected in 1911. It was constructed at a height of 2440 m in 1450 by the Incas for the emperor Pachacuti. The Incas must have calculated the water consumption and concluded that a certain population can be supplied by a spring located there at an elevation of 2458 m. They constructed a water pipeline more than 700 m long. This pipeline supplied up to 3001/min. 

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