Lytic pathway

As might be expected, the results from both theory and experiment suggest that the solution is more than a simple spectator, and can participate in the surface physicochemical processes in a number of important ways [Cao et al., 2005]. It is well established from physical organic chemistry that the presence of a protic or polar solvent can act to stabilize charged intermediates and transition states. Most C—H, O—H, C—O, and C—C bond breaking processes that occur at the vapor/metal interface are carried out homolytically, whereas, in the presence of aqueous media, the hetero-lytic pathways tend to become more prevalent. Aqueous systems also present the opportunity for rapid proton transfer through the solution phase, which opens up other options in terms of reaction and diffusion. 

Thus far we have considered the events that take place after infection or after activation of the prophage that lead to phage replication and ultimately lysis. As already indicated, when A infects a cell, the cells can follow this lytic pathway, or alternatively they can follow the lysogenic pathway, in... 

Exposure to UV light or ionizing radiation causes induction (i.e. excision of the provirus and entry into the lytic pathway)... 

Figure 6.14. Alternative Infection Modes For A, phage. Lambda phage can multiply within a host and lyse it (lytic pathway), or its DNA can become integrated into the host genome (lysogenic pathway), where it is dormant until activated. 

B. Lowin, M. Hahne, C. Mattmann, and J. Tschopp. 1994. Cytolytic T-cell cytotoxicity is mediated through perforin and Fas lytic pathways Nature 370 650-652. (PubMed)... 

Recall What is the dtlference between the lytic pathway and the lysogenic pathway ... 

In the lytic pathway, the viral nucleic acid is replicated in the host cell and packaged into new virus particles that lyse the host cell. In the lysogenic pathway, the viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA. 

A mechanism for the pathophysiology of high-flow priapism is described by Bastuba et al. (1994). Unlike a traditional arteriovenous fistula, the condition is described as an arterial-lacunar fistula where the helicine arteries are bypassed, and the blood passes directly into the lacunar spaces. The high-flow in the lacunar space creates shear stress in adjacent areas, leading to increased nitric oxide release, activation of the cGMP pathway, smooth muscle relaxation and trabecular dilatation. These authors also postulate that the delay in onset of high-flow priapism may be secondary to a delay in the complete necrosis of the arterial wall after the initial trauma or secondary to clot formation at the site of injury followed by the normal lytic pathway, which progresses in a few days. 

It should be noted that a sol-gel process may also take place through nonhydro-lytic pathways. In these systems, a metal halide reacts with an oxygen donor such as ethers, alkoxides, etc. to yield a crosslinked metal oxide product (Eq. 45). 

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