Lysine cross-links

LCAA LC-MS LDA Leu Lys Macrosorb long chain alkylamine spacer liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry lithium diisopropylamide S-leucine S-lysine cross-linked polyacrylamide adsorbed onto kieselguhr... 

Endogenous TGase activity is responsible for the formation of e(y-glutamyl)lysine cross-links in dried fish (Kumazawa et al., 1993), in frozen-stored surimi (Haard et al., 1994), and in the polymerization of the myosin heavy chain during setting of surimi in manufacture of kamaboko (Kumazawa etal., 1995). 

Kumazawa, Y. et al., Formation of e(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-link in cured horse mackerel meat induced by drying, J. Food Sci., 58, 1086, 1993. 

Nagaraj, R. H., Shipanova, I. N., and Faust, F. M. 1996. Protein cross-linking by the Maillard reaction. Isolation, characterization, and in vivo detection of a lysine-lysine cross-link derived from methylglyoxal./. Biol. Chem. 271 19338-45. 

The hydrophobic associations with the Ea site of the hydrophobic 337 to 379 sequence of the y-chain and with the Eb site of the hydrophobic 409 to 451 sequence of the P-chain result in antiparallel alignment of the y-chains from different fibrin molecules near the end-to-end y-chain-y-chain docking site. In particular, by means of a transamidase, glutamine-399 of one y-chain cross-links to the lysine-406 of the abutting second y-chain, and gJutamine-399 of the second y-chain cross-links with the lysine-406 of the first y-chain to form two e-(y-glutamyl)lysine cross-links. These chemical cross-links transform the soft fibrin clot irreversibly into the hard fibrin clot, which can only be disassembled by subsequent proteolytic enzymes. 

Poly-L-lysine cross-linked N -(P amino benzoylated)... 

Other 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Pocket Cross-Linkers. The reactivity of the valine NAl(l)a and lysine EF6(82)p residues in the 2,3-DPG pocket shown by NFPLP and (bis-PL)P4 has stimulated the search for other reagents that react similarly but have potential for greater efficiency and ease of scaleup. The systematic study of four different dicarboxyhc acid derivatives, cross-linked in both oxygenated and deoxygenated conditions, has been reported (92). Each of these derivatives presents problems in purification, and proof of the sites of reaction is tedious. 

Over 30 amino acids have been identified in the hydrolysis product of casein of which glutamic acid, hydroxyglutamic acid, proline, valine, leucine and lysine comprise about 60%. The residues of the aminoacid arginine also appear to be of importance in the cross-linking of casein with formaldehyde. 

T Induction of transglutamina.se, an enzyme that cross-links proteins through (7-g]utamyl)lysine bonds and presumably contributes to the formation of membrane-bound apoptosis bodie.s. 

After secretion from the cell, certain lysyl residues of tropoelastin are oxidatively deaminated to aldehydes by lysyl oxidase, the same enzyme involved in this process in collagen. However, the major cross-links formed in elastin are the desmosines, which result from the condensation of three of these lysine-derived aldehydes with an unmodified lysine to form a tetrafunctional cross-hnk unique to elastin. Once cross-linked in its mature, extracellular form, elastin is highly insoluble and extremely stable and has a very low turnover rate. Elastin exhibits a variety of random coil conformations that permit the protein to stretch and subsequently recoil during the performance of its physiologic functions. 

Rasmussen LK, Sorensen ES, Petersen TE, Gliemann J, Jensen PH. Identification of glutamine and lysine residues in Alzheimer amyloid beta A4 peptide responsible for transglutaminase-catalysed homopolymerization and cross-linking to alpha 2M receptor. FEBS Lett 1994 338 161-166. 

Interestingly, the nucleophilic addition of water in the sequence of events giving rise to 41 represents a relevant model system for investigating the mechanism of the generation of DNA-protein cross-links under radical-mediated oxidative conditions [80, 81]. Thus, it was shown that lysine tethered to dGuo via the 5 -hydroxyl group is able to participate in an intramolecular cyclization reaction with the purine base at C-8, subsequent to one electron oxidation [81]. 

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