Lutein mass spectrometry

Breithaupt, D.E., Wirt, U., and Bamedi, A., Differentiation between lutein monoester regioisomers and detection of lutein diesters from marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta L.) and several fruits by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 66, 2002. 

Van Breemen, R.B. et al.. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of carotenoids using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, J. Mass Spectrom., 31, 975, 1996. Tian, Q., Duncan C.J.G., and Schwartz S. J., Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and in-source fragmentation of lutein esters, J. Mass Spectrom., 38, 990, 2003. 

For example, the ion of [M-69]+, which is observed in the tandem mass spectra of lycopene, neurosporene, and y-carotene but not a-carotene, p-carotene, lutein, or zeaxanthin, indicates the presence of a terminal acyclic isoprene unit. Elimination of a hydroxyl group or a molecule of water, [M-17]+ or [MH-18]+, from carotenoids such as astaxanthin or zeaxanthin is characteristic of the presence of a hydroxyl group. Also, tandem mass spectrometry can be used to distinguish between isomeric carotenoids such as a-carotene and p-carotene, or lutein and zeaxanthin. For example, the ring of a-carotene containing the double bond that i s not conj ugated to the rest of the polyene chain shows unique retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation to form the ion of [M-56]+. In a similar manner, isomeric lutein and zeaxanthin differ by the... 

Xian, Q. Duncan, C.J.G. Schwartz, S.J. 2003. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and in-source fragmentation of lutein esters. J. Mass Spectrom. 38 990-995. 

Mass Spectrometry, APCI-MS/MS Zorbax RX-SIL, 5 p, 250 x 2.1 mm, hexane/isopropanol.ethyl acetate gradient p-carotene, a-T, p-cryptoxanthin. Lutein, zeaxanthin (20 min) Hao et al., 2005... 

All lutl alleles are recessive mutations (Fig. 3 A) that accumulate an additional carotenoid with an HPLC retention time and UV/visible absorption spectrum characteristic of a monohydroxy / , e-carotenoid (an a-carotene derived xanthophyll). The identification of the accumulating compound as zeinoxanthin ()3,e-caroten-3-ol) was confirmed by mass spectrometry (Pogson et al., 1996). The only difference between lutein and zeinoxanthin is the presence of an hydroxyl group on carbon 3 of the -ring in lutein. The decrease in lutein and its partial replacement by its immediate precursor, zeinoxanthin, defines lutl as a mutation... 

In another approach using stable isotopes to measure retinoids in human serum, Parker and coworkers (296,297) studied the absorption and metabolism of C-labeled P-carotene using GC-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Retinol and retinyl esters were separated using HPLC, the retinyl esters were hydrolyzed to retinol, and each retinol sample was analyzed using GC-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. As the retinol peak eluted from the GC, it was combusted to carbon dioxide, and the C02/ C02 ratio was measured using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. In a similar way, lutein isolated from C3 and C4 plant sources was hydrogenated to perhydrocarotene which was subjected to GC-combustion-inter-faced isotope ratio-mass spectrometry (GC-C-IR-MS) to determine natural abundance C in lutein (298). 

Y Liang, WS White, L Yao, RE Serfass. Use of high precision gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry to determine in lutein isolated from C3 and C4 plant sources. J Chromatogr 800 51-58, 1998. 

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