Lung injurants

This syndrome is caused by exterior pathogenic wind and heat, which via the nose and throat directly invade the Lung, injure the fluid and disturb the dispersing and descending function of the Lung. As the Lung is related to the skin, the superficial region is also involved. 

Chlorine Chlorine (CIs) Cl Lung injurant Casualty agent 6 uiin. in open 20 min. in woods 10 min. in open 1 hr. in woods... 

None (13) Very stable Slightly soluble None 0.000 Asthma, dyspnea lung injurant skin vesicant... 

Comparative Toxicitics of Lung Injurants Use of Lung Injurants in World War. . Future of Lung lojurants. 

CsMuiiIty AfcentH, which include a. Lung injurants. 

Chlorpicrin lacrimates in concentrations as low as 0.002 mg. per liter. A concentration of 0.05 mg. per liter is intolerable, and 2.00 mg. per liter is lethal on 10 mimite.s exposure. Chlorpicrin is thus both a lacrimatory and lung-injxtrant toxic gas, but, a.s its lung-injurant effects are so much more pronoimc[Pg.212]

This compound is both a lacrimator and a lung injurant. Its minimum lacrimatory concentration is 0.003 mg. per liter, which makes it intermediate between benzyl bromide (0.004 mg. per liter) and benzyl iodide (0.002 mg. per liter). At 0.025 mg. per liter it is intolerable for more than 1 minute, while 0.05 mg. per liter b lethal on 10 minutes exposure. As its toxic properties are so much more important than it. lacrimatory power, it is generally regarded a.s a lung-injurant agent and is so treated in Chap. YU. 

As a rule, the lung-injurant agents are lethal (deadly) in concentrations ordinarily employed in battle and have the following properties in common ... 

The principal lung-injurant agents in order of their ehronologiral appearance in the World War, are ... 

Phy. io)ogieally, ohlorioe is eht wified as a lung-injurant agent. It also causes a markmucous membranes of the nose, larynx, and pharynx. 

Neither of these compounds played a role of any importance in the war they mark a milestone in the race for a more effective lung-injurant agent and are of historical interest only. 

At ordinary temperatures (68 F.), its volatility is only 3.3 mg. i>er liter, which i.< low for a lung injurant but high for a vesicant. Dimethyl sulfate is very readily dccompo.scd by water so that its vapors quickly combine with moisture in the air to form sulfuric acid. ThU is one of the chief d( fect.s of this substance as a chemical agent. 

As a war gaa, chlorptcrin has a number of desirable offensive proper-lies. Uke chlorine and phosgene, it is a lethal compound which acts primarily as a lung injurant. In toxicity, it is intermediate between chlorine and phosgene, as indicated by the foiloa ing comparative figure. ... 

This compound, introduced by the Germans in May, 1917, was the last of the simple lung-injurant agents to be employed by them in the... 

Phenylcnrbylamine chloride was the culmination of an attempt to produce a more persistent and enduring lung-injurant agent,. mo as to enable concentrations to be maintained in the field for such a length of time as to exhaust the current type.- of g vs-mask canisters. Later it wa.s used ill shoots with rnn. tard gas to mask the presence of the latter. 

In addition to their typical lung-injurant effects, these two compounds aI.MO exert a peculiar. elective action on the < rgmis of equilibrium of the boily, Le, the labyrinth of the ear,. so that the vietim. taggiTs and reels and i.s unable to maintain his body balance. For this reason the French rlas. ified these compounds in a. separate cla.H.M and I allecl them lahyrinikic mibslances. 

The first of the Blue Cross I artillery shell, and later by the French in a mixture with 40 per cent cUphcnylchlorarsine, knowm as Sternite. ... 

As u group, the lung injurants were used to a larger extent than any other tyi>e of gas and sccuretl the bulk of the gas fatalities in the war. 

The tojcic lung injurants were but little u.sod during the late war, and their possibilities were not extensively explored. Their high toxicities, dual physiological effects, and other properties an very fai orable to offensive chemical warfare, and this field is one from which new and more effective chemical agents may be expected to be drawn in the future. 

For a summary of the properties of the principal lung-injurant agents, see Table IV. 

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