Ramon Lull

Liber de causis, 92-94 Lochem, Michael van, 170 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 46 Lopez Pedraza, Rafael, 47, 67 Lorente, Jean, 123 Lory, Pierre, 20 Losey, Joseph, 121 Lucian, 15,34, 37 Lull, Ramon, 136, 137 Lusus, 134 Lycurgus, 18, 97... 

Hillgarth, Jocelyn Nigel. Ramon Lull and Lullism in fourteenth-century France. Oxford Clarendon P, 1971. xxvii, 504 p. ISBN 0-19-824348-0... 

Peers, Edgar Allison. Ramon Lull. London S.P.C.K., 1929. xviii, 454 p. 

Rossi, Paolo L. The legacy of Ramon Lull in sixteenth-century thought. Mediaev Renaiss Studs 5 (1961) 182-213. 

Vega, Amador. Ramon Lull and the secret of life translated by James W. Heisig. New York Herder Herder, 2003. ix, 277 ISBN 0-8245-2117-X... 

Yates, Frances Amelia. The art of Ramon Lull an approach to it through Lull s theory of the elements. J Warburg Courtauld Insts 17, no. 1-2 (1954) 115-173. 

Yates, Frances Amelia. Ramon Lull and John Scotus Erigena. J Warburg Courtauld Insts 23 (1960) 1-44. 

But did any medieval monk ever actually build a real, life size computer on any significant scale Yes, indeed—at least once. Ramon Lull, Spanish theologian and visionary and of the lay Franciscan order, was blessed by a religious vision in 1274 to write a specification for a programming language and computer, whence he retired to the monastery and fully devoted himself to... 

Pereira, Michela. Vegetare seu Transmutare The Vegetable Soul and Pseudo-Lullian Alchemy, in Fernando Dominguez Reboiras et al., eds., Arbor Scientiae Der Baum des Wissens von Ramon Lull (Brepols Turnhout, 2002). 

Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Albertus Magnus Roger Bacon Amald of Villanova Ramon Lull Petrus Bonus Nicolas Flamel... 

Hermes Trismegistus, Egyptians Geber, Arabs Morienes, Romans Roger Bacon, English Ramon Lull, Spanish Paracelsus, Germans... 

Despite the almost complete reliance on authority however, the age also enjoyed a brief burst of experimentation. But the experiments— though groundbreaking for their day— were tinged with prior expectation and (speaking kindly) imperfect technique. These limitations can be see in the work of the empiricist Roger Bacon and in writings attributed to Ramon Lull. 

Ramon Lull, the philosopher, was also a courageous and interesting personality, and though he probably did not try alchemy himself, his name was ascribed to several alchemical texts after his death. Born around 1230 in Catalonia (now northern Spain), Lull was the product of a romantic age. Reared in the royal court of Majorca, he was a poet, scholar, and writer in Latin, Catalan, and Arabic. He married and at first seemed content with his courtly life. Around the age of 30 however, inspired by visions of the crucifixion of Jesus, Lull turned his energies to mysticism and theology. 

There are only two modem book-length studies of alchemy in Russian they are by the same author and are concerned with alchemy as a cultural phenomenon without reference to alchemy in Russia. Modem general histories of Russian science which include some history of chemistry have for the most part, until recently, avoided alchemy as a pseudo-science , more to be condemned as a western aberration than examined historically. Rainov s standard history of science in Russia up to the seventeenth century has no entry in the index for alchemy at all, although he does not ignore the subject entirely the Academy of Sciences standard history of Russian science denies, probably correctly, that Russian craftsmen ever engaged in alchemy or that there is any evidence for the existence of alchemy in Russia before the fifteenth century and Kuzakov in a recent work correctly notes that some non-alchemical works of what he calls, without further comment, the West European alchemists - Albertus Magnus, Ramon Lull and Michael Scot were known in seventeenth-century Russia but incorrectly states, as we shall see, that not a single alchemical treatise in Russian is known. 

The first mention of nitric acid is in Pseudo-Geber s Inventione Veritatis, wherein it is obtained by calcining a mixture of niter, alum and blue vitriol. It was again described by Albert the Great in the 13th century and by Ramon Lull, who prepared it by heating niter and clay and called it "eau forte" (aqua fortis). 

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