France century

A magnificent study of life, thoughr and art in 14th and 15th century France and the Netherlands, long established as a classic. 

Cultivation of madder reached its highest degree in France and Holland dufing the sixteenth century. In North America, growing conditions were quite suitable, but madder was never cultivated there to any great extent (10). 

In the second half of the 20th century, a number of advanced variants of optical microscopy were invented. They include phase-contrast microscopy (invented in France) and multiple-beam interference microscopy (invented in England), methods... 

Difl erential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are the other mainline thermal techniques. These are methods to identify temperatures at which specific heat changes suddenly or a latent heat is evolved or absorbed by the specimen. DTA is an early technique, invented by Le Chatelier in France in 1887 and improved at the turn of the century by Roberts-Austen (Section 4.2.2). A... 

Interstate Chemical Pacific Century Rhone-Poulenc (France)... 

In contrast, aluminum (abundance = 7.5%), despite its usefulness, was little more than a chemical curiosity until about a century ago. It occurs in combined form in clays and rocks, from which it cannot be extracted. In 1886 two young chemists, Charles Hall in the United States and Paul Herroult in France, independently worked out a process for extracting aluminum from a relatively rare ore, bauxite. That process is still used today to produce the element. By an odd coincidence, Hall and Herroult were born in the same year (1863) and died in the same year (1914). 

Brush s account can hardly be accused of being unaccompanied by serious historical data and research. He analysed much of the chemical periodical and chemical textbook literature from the latter part of the nineteenth century in America and Britain, and also some of the literature from France and Germany in the same period. Brush came to a conclusion that is apparently straightforwardly pro-predictivist ... 

This text is probably a late invention but it is nevertheless interesting for that. I cannot locate a manuscript of the Testament, though it was mentioned in Borel s bibliography of alchemy. It was probably written in France in the late 18th century, during the revival of interest in Flamel". From the 1806 text... 

Flamel, Nicholas. Testament of Nicholas Flamel. London Printed by J. E. Hodson, No. 15, Cross-Street, Hatton-Garden and sold only by the editor..., 1806. vp "This text is probably a late invention but it is nevertheless interesting for that. I cannot locate a manuscript of the Testament, though it was mentioned in Borel s bibliography of alchemy. It was probably written in France in the late 18th century, during the revival of interest in Flamel" [from Adam McLean s web site]. Editor I.A.T. 1. Some account of Nicholas Flamel and his works 26p 2. Testament... 20p. 

Debus, Allen George. "Alchemy in an age of reason the chemical philosophers in early 18th century France." In Hermeticism and the Renaissance intellectual history and the occult in early modern Europe, eds. Ingrid Merkel and Allen George Debus, 231-250. Washington (DC) Folger Shakespeare Library, 1988. 

Debus, Allen George. The Paracelsians in eighteenth-century France a renaissance tradition in the age of the enlightenment. Ambix 28, no. 1 (Mar 1981) 36-54. 

---