Localized crystalline

Local Crystallinity. The "azimutal correction" previously mentioned should be applied only in the second case discussed above, i.e., when the variation of the local orientation is the main factor in affecting the observed diffraction pattern. In this specific case, the diffracted intensity is spread over the whole interference. As a result, the correction should be made for 66 polyamide and not for PETP. This correction could have a large effect and would result in lowering the crystallinity differences between the two kinds of fibers. This azimutal correction gives a better account of the whole azimutal intensity than the normalization of the half-height width value as proposed in another paper (10). 

Figure 4 shows typical IR absorption spectrum of an as-grown HT ZnO sample. The lines at 4216.2, 4240.0, and 4246.6 cm were previously identified as internal transitions of substitutional Ni split by the local crystalline field.The new lines at 3335.6, 3482.9, 3516.3, and 3577.3 cm are located in the region characteristic of 0-H stretch modes. 

This splitting in zero field reflects the symmetry of the local crystalline environment and it arises out of the spin-orbit interaction which... 

WCA liquid. The typical size of these regions increases rapidly near the freezing density. At the lowest density studied (p = 0.70), only relatively small ordered regions occur. The orientation of the local crystalline axes can vary considerably across the larger ordered regions, as is apparent from Figs. 15c-17c. The statisties of ordered regions in the WCA system will be discussed in detail below. 

The molecular interpretation is again based on the crystal structure of the starting material (Figure 22). The molecules 13 are almost perpendicular on (100) (front), perpendicular on (010) (top), and flat on (001) (left). There is enough room on both sides to partially rotate for photodimerization in the orientations found and to move upward [010], This does form volcanoes with pillars and leaves craters (Figure 216). Those features must consist of mixed crystals out of 13 with 14, 15, and 16 admixed. From there mixed phases rich in products will be formed upon continuation of the irradiation forming the features in Figure 21c. However, the details of the secondary processes cannot yet be assessed. Local spectroscopy measurements (Sections IX and X) will have to look at the distribution of chemical compositions and nanometric Laue facilities (which are yet to be developed) at the local crystallinity. However, for the initial photochemical reaction it has... 

A considerable amount of work has been devoted to the action of ionizing radiation on polymeric carbohydrates in the solid state, in particular with regard to its effect on the mechanical properties even though some chemical effects have also emerged. For a recent review see [99]. Of these polymers, cellulose has been the most studied (c/. [99, 100]). Native cellulose is locally crystalline. Determination of chain breakage by radiolysis has usually been done after dissolution through complexation, e.g. as the copper-ammine complex (Schweizer s reagent), or the cadmium-ethylenediamine complex. 

High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) Studies of Local Crystallinity... 

The development of scanning probe techniques, and in particular phase-imaging AFM, created a unique opportunity for researchers to directly study the local crystallinity and inhomogeneity of conducting and semiconducting 7t-conjugated polymers. Early... 

Polyaniline forms a rich set of structures dependent upon the processing sequence and dopant [18,62,127-132]. Generally, doped polyaniline obtained from solution in the doped (conducting salt) form exhibits a local crystalline order of type emeraldine salt-I, ES-I. In contrast, polyaniline obtained by doping powder or films cast as the base form... 

Gearba, R.I., Mills, T., Morris, J., Pindak, R., Black, C.T., and Zhu, X. (2011) Quantifying interfacial electric fields and local crystallinity in polymer—fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater, 21, 2666-2673. 

The FTIR method is based on the ratio of certain absorbances [17, 18]. It is especially useful for mapping the crystallinity of surfaces but it is unable to penetrate to any great depth within a sample. Measurement of local crystallinity variations can help assess variation in cooling rate and in the analysis of differential shrinkage and warpage. 

Thus, the Boys method can also be considered as maximization of the sum of distances between the orbital centroids I. The modifications of the Boys method are necessary to extend it for the localized crystalline orbitals generation. These modifications are considered in Sect. 3.3... 

Symmetry of Localized Crystalline Orbitals. Wannier Functions... 

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