Liver segments

Isolated liver segments from starved rats exposed to 100 mg KCN/L Oxygen consumption reduced 80%, and evidence of hepatotoxicity as judged by enzyme release, glutathione depletion, and calcium accumulation in liver. Hepatotoxicity prevented by feeding rats fructose 39... 

AnalyzeAVW Volume Renderer. To improve liver segmentation at later time points, follow-up scans can be registered to the baseline scans (Hajnal et al. 1995). 

Smith, D., Downey, D., Sponge, A., Soney, S. Sonographic demonstration of Couinaud s liver segments. J. Ultrasound Med. 1998 17 ... 

Fig. 3.8. Male patient suffering from a multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), treated with repeated sessions of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Dyna-CT (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) image started together with injection of 10 ml iodinated contrast agent via a super-selective catheter system placed in the right hepatic artery compared with a corresponding MDCT section in the arterial phase after i.v. injection of 120 ml iodinated contrast agent. Note the excellent, direct depiction of arterial blood supply of the HCC nodule in liver segment 5/8 (arrow). The artifacts in the left and right liver lobe are caused by spots of Lipiodol in already treated HCC nodules after earlier transarterial chemoembolization...

Fig. 8.5. Attenuation may be a severe problem of bremsstrahlung SPECT. Bremsstrahlung resulting secondary to beta emission from the lesion in liver segment 1 shows relevant attenuation compared to that originating from superficial regions of the liver. This metabolically highly active lesion thus presented with high uptake on the MAA scan, but low uptake on post-therapeutic images...

Castillo OA, Keriakos K, Stinchon JF, Jara H, Soto JA (2005) Automated liver segmentation and volume calculation from MDCT data sets using a dual-clustering technique comparison with planimetry. Radiology (p) 509 abstract... 

Fig. 29.2. 3D representation of the automated segmented portal venous system. Different colors mark the portal branches belonging to different liver segments... 

Fig. 29.3. 3D reconstruction of the computer-calculated and generated liver segments... 

Fig. 29.1. A 64-year-old male patient suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), based on a chronic viral hepatitis. The HCC in liver segment 5/6 with an adjacent satellite nodule is shown as a typical hypervascular tumor with mosaic appearance in the axial slice of an arterial-dominant CT scan of the liver (left). The same dataset was also postprocessed via vendor...

Fig. 29.4. A 36-year-old male patient with a hepatocellular adenoma in liver segment 5 (arrow). Note the homogenous hypervascularity of the lesion in the arterial-dominant phase (left) in the portovenous phase (right), the lesion is only just...

Fig. 2.9.1. a Hepatocellular carcinoma (3.8 cm in diameter) in liver segment 8 with only slight contrast enhancement in the arterial phase, b Needle placement under CT guidance into the dorsal part of the tumor, c CT directly after ethanol injection into the dorsal part of the tumor. The ethanol pools at the injection site, d CT after completion of percutaneous alcohol instillation (PAI) (60 ml of alcohol) with the tumor completely saturated with ethanol and the needle still in place in order to allow the alcohol to diffuse, e, f CT in the arterial (e) and the portovenous phase (f) directly after completion of PAL No tumor enhancement can be seen in the arterial phase. The portovenous phase demarcates the homogenous saturation of the tumor with ethanol... 

In 7% more than six metastases are treated in total. The localization of the metastases with respect to the different liver segments showed a quite homogenous distribution of the metastases in the different liver segments taking into account the different volumes of the liver segments. 

Gerunda GE, Bolognesi M, Neri D et al. (2002) Preoperative selective portal vein embolization (PSPVE) before major hepatic resection. Effectiveness of Doppler estimation of hepatic blood flow to predict the hypertrophy rate of non-embolized liver segments. Hepatogastr Oenterol 49 1405-1411... 

A series of animal experiments confirmed that embolizing two thirds of the portal branches stimulated hepatocytes in the spared portion of the liver to divide [5]. These experiments also determined the timing and timing and extent of hepatocyte replication. The embolized liver segments atrophied and the atrophy was not accompanied by evidence of hepatocyte lysis. Instead, it was found that hepatocytes underwent apoptosis. Finally, these experiments also demonstrated the feasibility of maintaining a catheter in the portal vein for several days. 

A CT road map to identify all the imaging landmarks and therefore liver segments is given in Fig. 5.1. 

Fig.5.7a-d. US approach to the left hemiliver. By means of subxiphoid (a-c) and sagittal (d) views left liver segments can be visualized. LV, ligamentum venosum IVC, inferior vena cava... 

Fischer L, Cardenas C, Thorn M, et al (2002) Limits of Couinaud s liver segment classification a quantitative computer-based three dimensional analysis. J Comput Assist Tomogr... 

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