Percutaneous alcohol instillation

Fig. 2.9.1. a Hepatocellular carcinoma (3.8 cm in diameter) in liver segment 8 with only slight contrast enhancement in the arterial phase, b Needle placement under CT guidance into the dorsal part of the tumor, c CT directly after ethanol injection into the dorsal part of the tumor. The ethanol pools at the injection site, d CT after completion of percutaneous alcohol instillation (PAI) (60 ml of alcohol) with the tumor completely saturated with ethanol and the needle still in place in order to allow the alcohol to diffuse, e, f CT in the arterial (e) and the portovenous phase (f) directly after completion of PAL No tumor enhancement can be seen in the arterial phase. The portovenous phase demarcates the homogenous saturation of the tumor with ethanol... 

Table 3.2.2. Randomized controlled studies for the evaluation of percutaneous alcohol instillation (PAI) in HCC...

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