Lithography nanostructured materials

Whitesides, G. M. Soft lithography, in Seigel, R. W., Hu, E. and Roco, M. C. (eds), R D Status and Trends in Nanoparticles, Nanostructured Materials and Nanodevices in the United States, International Technology Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA, 1998. 

Abstract Optical techniques for three-dimensional micro- and nanostructuring of transparent and photo-sensitive materials are reviewed with emphasis on methods of manipulation of the optical field, such as beam focusing, the use of ultrashort pulses, and plasmonic and near-field effects. The linear and nonlinear optical response of materials to classical optical fields as well as exploitation of the advantages of quantum lithography are discussed. 

Synthetic two-dimensional (2D) materials with nanometer textured surfaces have been fabricated by sophisticated technologies, like dip-pen printing [36] or e-beam lithography [37], to elucidate the interactions of cells with defined surfaces. Cell-nanostructure interactions were studied from the gene expression level (cell metabolism) up to the level of microscopic cell behavior. Understanding of the influences of nanostructure on cell adhesion, orientation, motility, proliferation, migration, or differentiation is accessible [38], In terms of adhesion, proliferation... 

The book starts with a brief introduction to nanomaterials followed by chapters dealing with the synthesis, structure and properties of various types of nanostructures. There are chapters devoted to oxomolybdates, porous silicon, polymers, electrochemistry, photochemistry, nanoporous solids and nanocatalysis. Nanomanipulation and lithography are covered in a separate chapter. In our attempt to make each contribution complete in itself, there is some unavoidable overlap amongst the chapters. Some chapters cover entire areas, while others expound on a single material or a technique. Our gratitude goes to S. Roy for his valuable support in preparing the index manuscript. 

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