Lithium ynolates preparation

Metal ynolates are not as easy to prepare in a similar fashion as metal enolates, because the intermediates may be labile monosubstituted ketenes. Several preparative methods for alkali metal ynolates have been reported, among which some have been used as intermediate steps in one-pot organic syntheses. Silyl ynolates have been prepared from lithium ynolates. There have been few reports on the other metal ynolates. Since there is no universal method to determine the yield of metal ynolates, the efficiency of preparation is estimated from the results of some of the following reactions. 

The first synthesis of lithium ynolates was reported by Schollkopf in 1975. The isoxazolyllithium 10, prepared by lithiation of 3,4-diphenylisoxazole (9), undergoes fragmentation to yield the lithium ynolate 11 (equation Tf. The dilithium ynolate dianion 14 is also synthesized by the same protocol from 3-phenylisoxazole (12) via the 3-phenyl-5-isoxazolyllithium (13) intermediate (equation 3). The maximum yields were around 80%, judged by the yields of the /3-lactones (Section IV.A). 

This homologation via lithium ynolates has been used to prepare silyl ynol ethers, as described in Section V. 

The a-chloro-a-sultinyl ketone 20 was prepared from methyl benzoate and chloromethyl phenyl sulfoxide 19 after in situ a-lithiation. Compound 20 is dimetallated by KH and f-BuLi to give the keto dianion 21, which is converted into a potassium/lithium ynolate 22 (equation 7). The resulting metal ynolates are converted into thioesters, carboxylic acids, amides and esters (Section V). 

Lithium acetylides 28 are oxygenated by lithium t-butylperoxide, prepared from anhydrous t-butylhydroperoxide and LHMDS, to give lithium ynolates 29 (equation 9) °. This method has been used as an efficient route for the preparation of the silyl ynolates 30" (Section V). Dioxygen, t-butyl perborate and bis(trimethylsilyl)peroxide have been unsuccessful as oxidation reagents " . ... 

Ynol tosylates are synthesized from terminal alkynes via a unique sequence (equation 10). The hypervalent organoiodine compound 32, prepared by treatment of iodosoben-zene diacetate with /i-toluenesulfonic acid, reacts with the terminal alkynes 31 to give the iodonium tosylates 33, which are then treated with 10 mol% of CuOTf or AgOTf to afford the ynol tosylates 34. Finally, the ynol tosylates 34 are converted into lithium ynolates 35 by treatment with MeLi. The ynolates are trapped with r-butyldimethylsilyl chloride, triethylgermyl chloride and tributylstannyl chloride to give the silyl ynol ethers 36, the germyl ketenes 37 and the stannyl ketene 38. ... 

Since sUyl ynol ethers have an electron-rich triple bond, they are useful for Lewis acid catalyzed synthetic reactions. Lithium ynolates 175 are silylated by TIPSCl or TIPSOTf and TBSCl to afford the corresponding silyl ynol ethers 176 and 177, which are thermally stable and isolable, but sensitive toward acids (equation 71) . See also equations 9 and 10 in Section ll.C. An experimentally improved procedure for the purification of 176 derived from Kowalski s method is described. Lithium ynolate derived from Julia s method is also used for the preparation of 176. TMSCl and TESCl provide silyl ketenes 179, however, by C-silylation. These small silyl chlorides primarily gave the silyl ynol ethers 178, but, upon warming the reaction mixture, isomerization to the more stable silyl ketenes takes place. The soft electrophilic silyl chlorides like PhsSiCl afford silyl ketenes. Disi-lyl ynol ethers, prepared from ynolate dianions, are rearranged to disilylketenes mediated by salts . 

Selenium analogues of lithium ynolates are prepared by methods similar to those used to prepare sulfur analogues . Theoretical studies show that the negative charge is distributed over the whole molecule but is predominantly located on the selenium atom. The HOMO in the methyl-substituted case (201) has the largest coefficient on the Cp atom the largest HOMO coefficient of the phenyl-substituted one (202) is on the selenium atom. ... 

Addition of lithium ynolates generated from eth mylsilyl ethers with silyl vinyl ketenes gave highly substituted benzenes (eq 13). TIPS protection, in contrast to TBDMS, allowed preparation and purification by distillation and silica gel chromatography of these sensitive starting materials. 

Lithium phenylethynolate (520) has been prepared in a rather intriguing fashion through the elimination of benzonitrile from 5-lithio-3,4-diphenylisoxazole (519) (75AG(E)765). Reaction of the ynolate with an aldehyde or ketone was shown to afford a metallated /3-lactone (521). Treatment of this intermediate in turn with an electrophilic reagent such as benzyl bromide produced a tri- or tetra-substituted /3-lactone (522 Scheme 114). 

The y-lactam 110 is prepared by the reaction of the lithium silyl-substituted ynolate 105 with the aziridine 108 activated by a p-toluenesulfonyl group. The initial product is the enolate 109, which can be acidified to yield the a-silyl-y-lactam 110. Intermediate 109 can be trapped by aldehydes to afford the a-alkylidene-y-lactams 111 via a Peterson reaction (equation 45) . These reactions may be considered to be formal [3 + 2] cycloadditions as well as tandem reactions involving nucleophilic ring opening and cyclization. 

Metal ynamines (metal ynamides, 180) are aza-analogues of metal ynolates and have not been studied as well as the ynamines (181), in spite of being much more reactive than the latter. l,4-Diphenyl-l,2,3-triazolyllithium (183), prepared by lithiation of 1,4-diphenyl-1,2,3-triazole (182), is converted into lithium ynamine (lithium ynamide) (184) on thermal elimination of nitrogen (equation 72). This ynamine (184) is methylated in moderate yields either by methyl iodide to give a ketenimine (185) and a dimerization product (186), or... 

S -Analogues of lithium or sodium ynolates (thioalkynolates or alkynethiolates) are prepared from lithium or sodium acetylide and sulfur, and are trapped as alkynyl sulfides with bromoethane (equation 77). In a synthetic approach analogous to equation 72, 5-lithio-l,2,3-thiadiazoles (198) also afford lithium alkynethiolates (199) by elimination of nitrogen (equation 78) . Alkynyl sulfides (200) are treated with lithium in ammonia to afford lithium alkynylthiolates (199) (equation 79) °. Theoretical studies on the structure of alkali metal alkynylthiolates are reported. ... 

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