Liquid pesticides closed-transfer systems

Table 4.1 Types of closed transfer system developed for handling liquid pesticide formulations... 

The use of closed systems has been required in California for transfer of toxicity category one liquid pesticides from the manufacturer s container into the mix tank and then into the application vehicle tank. It appears that this process has considerably reduced both dermal and inhalation exposure. The use of probes that are inserted and then removed from containers reduces dermal exposure up to ten-fold it also appears that the use of built-in probes further reduces exposure to the mixer-loader by up to another ten-fold factor in some cases. 

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