Liquid gold compound-based

The traditional nature of the liquid gold industry has also meant that decorators are not keen to switch to a new product that feels different on application (especially for gilding) despite the potential advantages of using well-characterized, stable, synthetic formulations. This problem was particularly encountered with the attempted introduction of water-based liquid gold formulations, and was further compounded by the lack of legislation to push these novel, environmentally acceptable products into the market... 

Carbenes form stable complexes with many metals in the periodic table of the elements, and gold is no exception. In fact, the chemistry of this class of organogold compounds for some time has been one of the fastest growing subdisciplines. While the corresponding chapters were still short in previous accounts,1 2 the inventory for this review is now particularly rich and diverse.230 As for other classes of carbene complexes, this upsurge is based on expectations for potential applications in various fields such as NLO materials, liquid crystalline phases, and catalysis. Where applicable, this is indicated for each of the entries in this chapter. 

Most liquid chromatographic experiments performed with PAD employ alkaline mobile phases or use postcolumn addition of base to get the electrode at the appropriate pH for the formation of the oxide. The exceptions to this are the detection of carbohydrates and alcohols in acidic media and the detection of sulfur compounds. The oxidation of carbohydrates and alcohols is not oxide catalyzed, and since they exhibit a stronger adsorption to piatinum than gold, they can be determined under acidic conditions. Sulfur compounds are adsorbed at oxide-free surfaces, and the kinetics for detection are favorable even at pH values below 7. 

When we think of solutions, we normally think of a solution formed by dissolving a solid (e.g., sugar) in a liquid (e.g., water). In reality, any combination of the three states can be considered a solution. In fact, air is a solution which is a mixture of various gases. Carbonated water (soda) is a mixture of a gas (CO ) dissolved in a liquid (H O). Even alloys such as gold-silver alloys are solutions containing two solids. A true solution is a solution which has only one solvent with one or more solutes. In this chapter, we will be limiting our discussion mostly to water based solutions because of their versatility and importance to life sciences. We will discuss various aspects such as solubility of compounds, and precipitation reactions. 

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