Liquid-expanded penetration into

Groves (1978) provided an intuitive explanation based on a mechanical model in which water penetrates into the oil/surfactant system, forming liquid crystals but, more to the point, considerably expanding the interface. This is the reason why it is necessary to postulate that water is inconsiderable excess. The surface expands so that instead of a negative interfacial tension what we have is a positive surface pressure. At this point it is not unreasonable to visualize the surface expanding and stranding as postulated in the Gopal model. 

Over a long period of time experimental results on amphiphilic monolayers were limited to surface pressure-area ( r-A) isotherms only. As described in sections 3.3 and 4, from tc[A) Isotherms, measured under various conditions, it is possible to obtain 2D-compressibilities, dilation moduli, thermal expansivities, and several thermodynamic characteristics, like the Gibbs and Helmholtz energy, the energy cmd entropy per unit area. In addition, from breaks in the r(A) curves phase transitions can in principle be localized. All this information has a phenomenological nature. For Instance, notions as common as liquid-expanded or liquid-condensed cannot be given a molecular Interpretation. To penetrate further into understanding monolayers at the molecular level a variety of additional experimental techniques is now available. We will discuss these in this section. 

RMI is applicable for preparing C/UHTC composite. In RMI, liquid metal melt penetrates into a porous C/C preform under an inert atmosphere or a vacuum condition. The metal melt expands to fill the pores, ultimately resulting in a dense... 

Objectives and Assumptions. In an effort to complement developments from earlier sections, mass transfer across a gas-liquid interface into a quiescent liquid is considered here. This problem differs slightly from the classic unsteady-state penetration theory analysis because the bubble radius R(t) depends on time, for example, due to the fact that the bubble contracts or expands. The overall objectives are to predict the following quantities ... 

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