Linne

Castor Oil. Castor oil [8001-79-4] (qv) is the fixed oil from the seeds of Picinus communis Linne. Pale yellowish or almost colorless, it is a transparent viscid Hquid with a faint, mild odor and a bland taste followed by a slightly acrid and usually nauseating taste. Its specific gravity is between 0.945 and 0.965. Castor oil is soluble in alcohol, and miscible with anhydrous alcohol, glacial acetic acid, chloroform, and diethyl ether. It consists chiefly of the glycerides of ricinoleic acid [141 -22-0], and isoricinoleic acid [73891-08-4], found in the small intestine. The seed contains a highly... 

E. Ciganek, W. J. Linn, and O. W. Webster, in Z. Rapport, ed.. The Chemistry of the Cyano Groups Interscience PubHshers, London, 1970, pp. 423—638. An extensive review of cyanocarbon chemistry. 

Picoline-V-oxide (4-methylpyridine-l-oxide) [1003-67-4] M 109.1, m 182-184 , 185-186 , 186-188 , pK 1.29. Recryst from EtOH-EtOAc, Mc2C0-Et20 or C6H6. [Bullitt and Maynard 7 Am Chem Soc 76 1370 1954 Boekelheide and Linn J Am Chem Soc 76 1286 1954]. 

Valerian roGl, consisting of the iiiKierground parts of the collccltve species Valeriana officinalis Linne, Ircsii or carefiij) tlricd at or below 40 C. and its preparations in active doses. 

The presence of alkaloids in Lobelia injlata, Linn., was first recorded by Proctor. Lobeline was prepared by Lewis as a basic oil from which Siebert made and analysed a series of salts and proposed the formula, CigHjsOjN. In 1921 Bohringer and Sohne protected a process for the isolation and separation of three alkaloids, a-, 3 and y-lobelines. In the same year Wieland published the first of a series of papers in which is described the isolation of several groups of alkaloids, to most of which constitutional formulae have been assigned and, in some cases, confirmed... 

Atropa Belladonna Linn. Leaves, 0-4 roots, 0-5 seeds, 0-8 whole plant, 0-2 to 1-0 h5mscyamine with some hyoscine atropine has been found but may have resulted from racemisation during extraction apoatropine and possibly belladonnine (Kreitmair Atropa bcetica. Leaves, 0-82-1-06 roots, 0-94 fruit, 1-09 hyoscyamine and atropine. 

Ephedrine also oeeurs in the leaves of the yew tree [Taxus baccata) and in Sida rhombifolia Linn, whilst Stockman s cathine from Catha edulis Forsk has been shown by Wolfes to be d-nor- -ephedrine. Ghosh, Chopra and Dutt state that the bark of Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. contains two alkaloids similar to ephedrine in pharmacological action. The more active of the two, moringinine, is amorphous the other is a liquid but jdelds a crystalline hydrochloride, C,H. HCl, m.p. 254-4°, + 1-8°, a picrate, m.p. 195°, and an aurichloride, m.p. 170-8°. 

Aconitine is also stated to occur in Portuguese aconite (A. Napellus Linn., sub-species lusitanicum), and it may also be present in an unidentified aconite from the Chumbi Valley, Tibet [cf. A. Ludlowii, below). 

Several alkaloids have been recorded for plants of this sub-order. From Nymphoea alba Linn., Bures and Plzik isolated nymphoeine, C14H23O2N it is amorphous, has m.p. 76-7°, gives a hydrochloride, m.p. 230° (dec.), contains a hydroxyl group, appears to be a secondary base, and to contain a pyrrole ring. It is toxic to frogs and produces tetanus-like symptoms. 

Vitex negundo Linn. (Verbenaceae). Basu and Singh have isolated from the leaves an alkaloid, nishindine, CjgHjjON, m.p. 266°, yielding the following salts tartrate, m.p. 238° hydrochloride, m.p. 198-200° ... 

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