Line-to-output transfer function

So this is also the factor by which the input disturbance first gets scaled, and thereafter applied at the input of the LC filter. But we already know the transfer function of the LC low-pass filter. Therefore, the line-to-output transfer function is the product of the two, that is,... 

Line-to-output Transfer Function We know that... 

For example, looking at the earlier equation, we see that the line-to-output transfer function for the buck is the same as its control-to-output transfer function, except that the Vin/Vramp factor is replaced by D. So for example, if Vramp = 2.14 V, and D = 0.067 (as for 1 V output from a 15 V input), then the control-to-output gain at low frequencies is... 

So when feedback is present ( loop closed ), it can be shown by control loop theory that the line-to-output transfer function changes to... 

The use of block diagrams to illustrate cause and effect relationship is prevalent in control. We use operational blocks to represent transfer functions and lines for unidirectional information transmission. It is a nice way to visualize the interrelationships of various components. Later, they are crucial to help us identify manipulated and controlled variables, and input(s) and output(s) of a system. 

Neurons are not used alone, but in networks in which they constitute layers. In Fig. 33.21 a two-layer network is shown. In the first layer two neurons are linked each to two inputs, x, and X2- The upper one is the one we already described, the lower one has w, = 2, W2 = 1 and also 7= 1. It is easy to understand that for this neuron, the output )>2 is 1 on and above line b in Fig. 33.22a and 0 below it. The outputs of the neurons now serve as inputs to a third neuron, constituting a second layer. Both have weight 0.5 and 7 for this neuron is 0.75. The output yfi j, of this neuron is 1 if E = 0.5 y, + 0.5 y2 > 0.75 and 0 otherwise. Since y, and y2 have as possible values 0 and 1, the condition for 7 > 0.75 is fulfilled only when both are equal to 1, i.e. in the dashed area of Fig. 33.22b. The boundary obtained is now no longer straight, but consists of two pieces. This network is only a simple demonstration network. Real networks have many more nodes and transfer functions are usually non-linear and it will be intuitively clear that boundaries of a very complex nature can be developed. How to do this, and applications of supervised pattern recognition are described in detail in Chapter 44 but it should be stated here that excellent results can be obtained. 

Of primary importance in any converter design is not what happens to the output when we perturb the reference (which is what the closed loop transfer function really is), but what happens at the output when there is a line disturbance. This is often referred to as audio susceptibility (probably because early converters switching at around 20 kHz would emit audible noise under this condition). 

Consider the generalized closed-loop system shown in Figure 13.1b. For each of its four components (process, measuring device, controller mechanism, and final control element) we can write the corresponding transfer function relating its output to its inputs. In particular, if we neglect the dynamics of the transmission lines, we have ... 

Linear Refers to the ability of an amplifier to maintain the integrity of the signal being amplified. A perfectly linear amplifier causes no distortion to the signal while making it greater in amplitude. The output vs. input transfer function plots as a straight line. 

At first, a square-wave signal source, with an amplitude of 5 V and a frequency of 40 kHz, is defined in Line 10 in List 4.6, just after TAGS HYBRID declaration. The signal is defined by the TYPE-23 built-in source and a first-order transfer function (s-block) (Lines 12-14) to represent its rise and fall times. The output SIGIN is sent to the electrical part of the EMTP and is expressed as a voltage source by a TAGS-controlled source (TYPE-60, Line 79). 

Fig. 3.7. Cubic model of a redox-linlced proton pump. OX and RED denote a redox centre in the oxidised and reduced state. The bar marked M or C next to OX and RED indicates an acidic group, the function of which is linked to the redox centre. M and C mean that the group is connected protonically either with the aqueous matrix or cytoplasmic phases, respectively. When the group is protonated the bar is supplemented with H. Left and right faces of the cube separate states in electronic and protonic contact with the input and output sides of the transducer, respectively. Allowed transitions between these are indicated by thick arrows. Dotted lines denote forbidden transitions. If the latter gain significant probability relative to allowed transitions proton transport becomes decoupled from electron transfer (so-called slipping ). (From Ref. 8.)...

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