Line-routing diagram

Setting the width of the pipe rack may then proceed. With the routing diagram, a dimensioned cross section is developed at the bent that will carry the most piping, which is bent No 12 in the example shown in Exhibit 11-4. Usually, pipe radcs carry process lines on the lower level or levels, and the utility lines on the top level. Instrument and electrical trays are integrated on the utility level if space permits or on a separate level above all pipe levels. Any pipe rack design should provide for 20% future growth. When... 

Only one-dimensional diffusion is considered and Che particles are represented in section by squares, as shown in the diagram. -The authors then consider three routes by which a molecule may move between the planes ab and cd, indicated by broken lines. These are ... 

Scheme 3.1. Schematic energy level diagram comparing (a) the radical-anion substrate and (b) the radical-anion radical-anion coupling routes for the clcctrodimerization process. Wavy lines indicate an electron transfer step.

The four common methods of crystallization travel through the phase diagram, each via a different route (dashed lines). Batch crystallization... 

Fig. 14.10 Reaction path diagram [149] illustrating major steps in volatile-N conversion in flames for different nitrogen species hydrogen cyanide (HCN), ammonia (NH3), cya-nuric acid (HNCO), acetonitrile (CH3CN), and pyridine (C5H5N). The diagram is based on chemical kinetic modeling at moderate fuel-N concentrations. Solid lines denote elementary reaction pathways, while dashed arrows denote routes that involve intermediates and reactions not shown.

Figure 18-9 Proposed routes of electron transfer in mitochondrial complex III according to Peter Mitchell s Q cycle. Ubiquinone (Q) is reduced to QH2 by complex I (left side of diagram) using two H+ taken up from the matrix (leaving negative charges on the inner membrane surface). After diffusing across the bilayer (dashed line) the QH2 is oxidized in the two steps with release of the two protons per QH2...

Initial Sketch. Figure 2 shows a process flow diagram for a petrochemical plant (1,2). This drawing shows the feed and products so the designer knows what to allow for these lines in the interunit pipeway routing. The process engineer has indicated with notes which pieces of equipment will be located in elevated structures, such as the overhead condensers, and has also shown which equipment should be located close by other equipment, such as the reboiler next to its column. Primary instrumentation is shown to indicate that room is required for instrument drops to these control valves. All this... 

Schematic energy diagram for the oxidation of CO and a Pt catalyst. (From data presented by G. Ertl in Catalysis Science and Technology, J. R. Anderson and M. Boudart, Eds., vol. 4, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1983, p. 245.) All energies are given in kJ mol. For comparison, the heavy dashed lines show a noncatalytic route.

The state sequence diagram of Fig. 3 accommodates all three routes between the initial and final states those states are represented by boxes on the far left and far right of the diagram, respectively. The intervening columns represent intermediate system states r and, v connected by links that represent valid operations by //lnl on a preceding state. In these diagrams, lines thus represent interactions and vertices (where data boxes appear) represent states in this sense they bear a reciprocal space relationship to the Feynman diagrams, where the converse applies. 

One of the assumptions of our travel across the phase diagram on our route parallel to the X-axis is that the temperatiu e is changing, but the pressure is constant. One consequence of this is that the density wiU decrease continuously. If we changed our assinnption to focus on a constant density instead, then the transport properties would not change compared to the constant pressure scenario described above [12]. This is noted by the constant density lines drawn in Figure 5. 

Diagrams are used to explain rather than represent actual appearances. For example, an electrical circuit diagram shows the relationship of all parts and connections in a circuit represented by lines and labelled blocks without indicating the appearance of each part. Figure 20.1 is a diagram to explain the route of oil circulation in a car engine but does not go into detail of the engine itself. 

To understand the design and function of a chemical plant it is a useful preliminary to study the flow diagram (sometimes called a flow sheet). Its purpose is to illustrate diagrammatically, on one sheet of paper, all the items of equipment required for a chemical process or series of processes to be operated. Items are represented by simple symbols which are usually those recommended by the British Standard 974 1953 and subsequent editions (your supervisor may have a copy). The route of materials through the equipment is indicated by arrows and interconnecting lines and, in some instances, the materials of construction, size or capacity, flow rates, power requirements, and pipe dimensions are also shown. 

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