Line charge voltage

Single-Phase Line with a Residual (Line Charge) Voltage Reclosing Surge... 

Interrupting an unloaded transmission or distribution line or a cable, i.e. interrupting a line charging current, which is capacitive and may lead the system voltage by nearly 90°. 

Figure 20. The sensitization of silver azide to light due to the effect of gold particles [127]. The dotted line corresponds to ignition for equal intensities the solid line shows the experimental curve. Vc is the charging voltage in kV capacity, 8 pF.

Float charge current (see line 9) (mA) Charging voltages (V/cell) 20-60 100-300 — —... 

Obviously the float life depends on the battery temperature, too. Figure 17.18 indicates the life results of an accelerated test. In the solid line the values achieved between 50° and 70°C are plotted. The charge voltages were adapted according the values in Figure 17.14. The results follow very well the Arrhenius equation since a temperature increasing of 10°C decreases the float life always to 50%. The extrapolation indicates an average float life at room temperature of 10-12 years, which is identical with practice. 

Fig. 7 Galvanostatic charge voltage profile (a) and CO2 evolution rates (b) of LlNiojMni sOa electrodes with electrolyte of EC/EMC (3/7, y/y) plus 1.0 M LiPFg without LIBOB additive (black lines) and with 1.0 wt% ElBOB additive (red lines). Proposed decomposition mechanism is shown on right. Reproduced with permission [157]. Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society (color online)...

Fig. 6 Discharge-charge voltage curves of the first two cycles for Ru-carbon black (solid line) and carbon black electrode (dash line) at 200 mA/g. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [33]...

In practice, triple alloy is added to a clay graphite cmcible in a refractory-lined vacuum-tight chamber (Fig. 14). Power input is controlled by adjusting the appHed voltage until the charge is melted. A refractory cover is placed over the cmcible and sealed with sand. The furnace cover contains an opening which mates with a port connecting to a condenser. 

The magnitude of the charging current, l y will depend upon the content of Q, which is a measure of line voltage, size of the conductor, spacing between the conductors and between the conductors and the ground etc. Table... 

Adding shunt capacitors would also reduce Zq but would raise the electrical line length hence it is not considered. Moreover, on EHVs, the charging shunt capacitances, Cq, as such require compensation during light loads or load rejections to limit the voltage rise (regulation) at the far end or the midpoint. Hence no additional shunt compensation is recommended. 

I Shunt reactors These are provided as shown in Figure 24.23 to compensate for the distributed lumped capacitances, C , on EHV networks and also to limit temporary overvoltages caused during a load rejection, followed by a ground fault or a phase fault within the prescribed steady-state voltage limits, as noted in Table 24.3. They ab.sorb reactive power to offset the charging power demand of EHV lines (Table 24.2, column 9). The selection of a reactor can be made on the basis of the duty it has to perform and the compensation required. Some of the different types of reactors and their characteristics are described in Chapter 27. 

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