Lilly Systems Biology

Bristol-Myers Squibb Eli Lilly GGMC EOM Lilly Systems Biology (Singapore)... 

Physicochemical approaches to the excitation problem were developed alongside the pure biological investigations. A lot of trigger systems are known at present which can be regarded as some kind of excitation models. Two of them, currently known as the Lillie-Bonhoeffer model and Teorell s membrane system, have been found to be particularly suitable. Experimentation with these models has been particularly useful the behavioral features common to all excitable objects have been established and the concrete electrochemical mechanisms responsible for the activity of these systems have been well-investigated. Here we will review only the major characteristics of these models. 

Liquid-liquid-solid reactors are commonly used for biphasic reactions catalyzed by immobilized phase-transfer catalysts (which form the third, solid phase). Certain basic aspects of such reactors were considered in Chapter 19. Three-phase reactions of this type are also encountered in biological reactions, for example, the enzymatic synthesis of amino acid esters in polyphasic media (Vidaluc et al., 1983), and the production of L-phenylalanine utilizing enzymatic resolution in the presence of an organic solvent (Dahod and Empie, 1986). Predictably, the performance of these reactors is influenced by the usual kinetic and mass transfer aspects of heterogeneous systems (see Lilly, 1982 Chen et al., 1982 Woodley et al., 1991a,b). Additionally, performance is also influenced by the complex hydrodynamics associated with the flow of two liquids past a bed of solids (Mitarai and Kawakami, 1994 Huneke and Flaschel, 1998). It is noteworthy, for instance, that phase distribution within the reactor is different from that in the feed and is also a function of position within the reactor and within the voids of each pellet in the bed. More intensive research is needed before these reactors can be rationally designed. 

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