Light transfer

Optical Properties. The optical properties of a plastic which are important are refraction, transparency, gloss and light transfer. The reader is referred to BS 4618 1972 for precise details on these terms. Table 1.9 gives data on the optical properties of a selection of plastics. Some plastics may be optically clear (e.g. acrylic, cellulosics and ionomers) whereas others may be made transparent. These include epoxy, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polysulphone and PVC. 

To get more detail on the light transfer by the anodic alumina oxide film, the light intensity enhancement from a flat white light emitting diode panel was examined. The porous anodic alumina film was placed between LEDs and a detector at a variable LED film distance and the light intensity Laa was... 

Luminiferous animal organisms are well known. Examples include the small sea animal Noctiluca miliaris, the firefly Lampyris noctiluca and the lamp jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca. The amazing light emission produced by these species is due to luciferasc catalysts, whose coferment luciferin (molecular formula below) can regulate the bioluminescence processes by means of its action in redox and light transfer cycles. 

Infrared chemiluminescence measurements142 have determined the vibrational and rotational state distributions of HF and DF from the F + H2,D2 reactions, and find substantial fractions of vibrational (066) and rotational (008) excitation. The potential surface143 appears to be predominantly repulsive but the heavy mass of the attacking atom relative to the light transferred atom channels the energy of repulsion into product vibration. This is termed mixed energy release on a repulsive potential surface. 

Step 5. The quality of the product, benzene, is determined by the amount of lights transferred from the stabiliser, as well as by the contamination with heavies. Therefore, the quality control in stabiliser is the advanced removal of lights from bottoms. The... 

Fig. 1 Photoactive (dark sphere) and innocent (empty sphere) units and possible intercomponent effect in self-assembled or covalently-linked two-component systems undergoing illumination for the cases in which (a) one unit absorbs and emits light (b) both units process the absorbed light (c) photoactivity is of intercomponent origin and (d) the unit that absorbs light transfers excitation energy to the other unit, which becomes emissive and an orbital description for the case in which (e) the photoactive unit undergoes reduction and (f) the photoactive unit undergoes oxidation.

Figure 3 Illustration of light transfer in PBR including absorption and scattering of photons by photosynthetic microorganisms.

Moreover, the experimental measurements presented in Section 4 can faithfully capture the effect of the microorganisms size, shape, and polydisper-sity. However, the experimental setup can be cosdy and the experimental procedure is time consuming. Thus, it may be difficult to implement in actual production systems. In addition, measurements ate valid only for specific growth conditions and need to be repeated each time conditions change including pH, temperature, illumination, medium composition, etc. Thus, it would be beneficial to develop a simplified experimental method to determine the radiation characteristics and in particular the absorption cross-section which is the most influence on light transfer in PBRs (Kandilian, 2014). 

Berberoglu H, Yin J, Pilon L Light transfer in bubble sparged photobioreactors for H2 production and CO2 mitigation, Int J Hydrog Energy 32(13) 2273—2285, 2007. 

Comet JF, Dussap CG, Dubertret G A structured model for simulation of cultures of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis in photobioreactors I. Coupling between light transfer and growth kinetics, Biotechnol Bioeng 40(7) 817-825, 1992. 

Comet JF, Dussap CG, Gros JB, Binois C, Lasseur C A simplified monodimensional approach for modeling coupling between radiant light transfer and growth kinetics in photobioreactors, Chem Eng Sci 50(9) 1489-1500, 1995. 

Kandihan R Optimization and control of light transfer in photobioreactors for biofuel production, Ph.D. thesis, Los Angeles, USA, 2014, University of Cahfomia. 

Murphy TE, Berberoglu H Effect of algae pigmentation on photobioreactor productivity and scale-up a light transfer perspective, J Quant Spectrosc Radial Transf 112(18) ... 

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