Light Interactions with Solids

there is an association between the electromagnetic constant c and these electrical and magnetic constants. 

Furthermore, the frequency v and the wavelength k of the electromagnetic radiation are a function of velocity according to 

For a photon of electromagnetic radiation, dependence of energy on frequency, and also velocity and wavelength 

Sometimes it is more convenient to view electromagnetic radiation from a quantum-mechanical perspective, in which the radiation, rather than consisting of waves, is composed of groups or packets of energy called photons. The energy of a photon is said to be quantized, or can only have specific values, defined by the relationship 

When describing optical phenomena involving the interactions between radiation and matter, an explanation is often facilitated if light is treated in terms of photons. On other occasions, a wave treatment is preferred both approaches are used in this discussion, as appropriate. 

---

II. The Physics of Light Interaction with Solid Materials. 226... 

Light interacts with solid materials as scattering, absorption, transmission (transmittance), reflectance (both regular and diffuse), and diffraction. The purpose of spectroscopy is to quantify or qualify these interactions by the use of a variety of photon-produdng and photon-detection devices. The physics of these interaction phenomena and devices will be presented in this chapter. 

Because of their inertia, the effect on the ions of the high frequency electric field of the electron plasma waves dealt with so far averages out to zero. However, surprisingly, light ions and/or protons have been observed in ultrahigh intensity laser pulse interaction with solid targets since the late 1990s [33-36]. Later on, these particles were found to come from contaminant layers on... 

Optical property refers to a material s response to exposure to electromagnetic radiation and, in particular, to visible light. This chapter first discusses some of the basic principles and concepts relating to the nature of electromagnetic radiation and its possible interactions with solid materials. Then it explores the optical behaviors of metallic and nonmetal-lic materials in terms of their absorption, reflection, and transmission characteristics. The final sections outline luminescence, photoconductivity, and light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser), the practical use of these phenomena, and the use of optical fibers in communications. 

This result defines absorption of light in terms of both refleetance and absorption. It is well to note that either one or the other (or both) are required phenomena in order for a photon to interact with a solid. 

The apparatus and techniques of ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy have been described in detail elsewhere. Ions are formed, either by electron impact from a volatile precursor, or by laser evaporation and ionization of a solid metal target (14), and allowed to interact with neutral reactants. Freiser and co-workers have refined this experimental methodology with the use of elegant collision induced dissociation experiments for reactant preparation and the selective introduction of neutral reactants using pulsed gas valves (15). Irradiation of the ions with either lasers or conventional light sources during selected portions of the trapped ion cycle makes it possible to study ion photochemical processes... 

Figure 8.1 Schematic representation of NIR chemical imaging instrument operating in diffuse reflectance mode. Radiation from the illumination source interacts with the sample. Light reflected off of the sample is focused onto a NIR sensitive 2D detector after passing through a solid-state tunable wavelength selection filter.

---