Ligands secretion

Forsten, K. E., and Lauffenburger, D. A., Probability of autocrine ligand capture by cell-surface receptors Implications for ligand secretion measurements. J. Comp. Biol. 1, 15 (1994a). 

Gene Product Origin Molecular Mass (kD) Secreted Affinity Ligand... 

Similarly, in developing Drosophila the response to wg is influenced by the relative abundance and ligand affinity of receptors expressed in the target tissue. A synthesis of the available data from all species suggests that the response to a specific Wnt signal in vivo is influenced both by the particular Wnt protein secreted and by the receptors and other downstream molecules present in the target tissue. 

Although anosmias to these compounds occur at similar levels, some communicative value may arise from the persistence of signal emissions which are not enantiomerically pure (Carman, 1993 Wysocki et al., 1999). In secreted mixtures, the alternate versions of such compounds are produced in a constant ratio since they have identical volatility and hence provide stable informational content to the receiver. Support for this idea comes from the results of the NMR mapping of the BT binding site within the MUP1 carrier (Zidek et al., 1999). Here the protein-ligand complex does exist in the expected ratio, and for both enantiomers, although the orientation of the bound thiazole was interpreted as opposite to that indicated by previous X-ray analyses. 

Hieshima K, Kawasaki Y, Hanamoto H, et al. CC chemokine ligands 25 and 28 play essential roles in intestinal extravasation of IgA antibody-secreting cells. J Immunol 2004 173 3668-3675. 

Pierer M, Rethage J, Seibl R, et al. Chemokine secretion of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts stimulated by Toll-like receptor 2 ligands. J Immunol 2004 172(2) 1256-1265. 

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