Ligand processes

Chemi Proprietary diphosphine ligands, process R D, custom manufacturing. Some pilot and bench scale processes. 

Johnson Matthey, Catalysis and Chiral Technologies (Synetix) In licensed chiral ligands, process R D. Metal precursors and M-L complexes in technical quantities recovery of noble metals [112]. 

Solvias (spin-off from Ciba-Geigy/Novartis) Proprietary chiral ligands, process R D. Several production processes, many pilot- and bench-scale applications [141]. 

In the case of the cobalt ligand process, alcohols rather than aldehydes are the main products. While the cobalt ligand catalyst overcomes the isomer ratio disadvantage, it has only one-fifth the activity of the conventional cobalt catalyst. 

The rhodium ligand process, which will be discussed in greater detail in the following sections, operates at lower pressures and temperatures and overcomes the high by-product levels as well as the isomer ratio disadvantage of the conventional cobalt catalyst. 

Suzuki and Banfield (1999) classify methods of microbial uranium accumulation as either metabolism dependent or metabolism independent. The former consists of precipitation or complexa-tion with metabohcally produced ligands, processes induced by active cellular pumping of metals, or enzyme-mediated changes in redox state. Examples include precipitation of uranyl phosphates due the activity of enzymes such as phosphatases, formation of chelating agents in response to metal stress, and precipitation of uraninite through enzymatic uranium reduction. 

Chiral Quest Technical development of several diphosphine ligands process development. 

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