Liabilities basic elements

Prima Facie Case and Affirmative Defenses. The imposition of strict tort liability did not mean that a plaintiff was entided to automatic recovery when iajured by a product. The foUowiag decisions set forth the basic elements that a plaintiff must estabUsh ia order to make out a prima facie case of products HabiUty and the affirmative defenses that either reduce or bar plaintiff s recovery. 

Civil liability rules are usually not suitable in these cases since the basic elements of liability do not exist. This being the case, problems should be dealt by means of administrative law and not by civil law. Given the absence of individual litd>ility and the huge costs involved, the burden of clean-up should be shouldered by several parties or even society as a whole. 

Level 1 If the data is to be manipulated using spreadsheet macros, the spreadsheet application must be considered as a GAMP Category 5 component. Macros in Microsoft Excel are Visual Basic computer programs written specifically for that application. While they may be simpler than the other customized elements of the integrated CDS, they stiU carry the same liabilities. 

The basic assumption in criminal liability is that there is both a mental element and a physical element to the offense. It should be noted that various offenses in relation to, for example, traffic law or environmental law have been so stmctured that the mental element is in fact not required for a conviction. In this category are also classified offenses in violation of building law. These offenses are not characterized as crimes but rather as misdemeanors and are basically related to negligence. ... 

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