Lean production, manufacturing defects

In lean manufacturing implementation approach by this company, the level of inventory is visualized similar to the level of water in a river. When they reduced the level of inventory, this means that they will be able to lower down the level of water in the river. Consequently, this action will highlight other wastes hiding at the lower level. The other wastes at the lower level are namely over production, waiting times, excessive transportation, excessive processing, excessive motion, and defective products. This scenario of reducing inventory level can be best illustrated by the authors as shown in Fig. 27.2. 

Lean manufacturing, just-in-time, low inventories, zero defects, flexible production, small batches... 

Lean manufacturing covers tools such as just-in-time (]TT), small inventory, zero defects, flexible production, small batches, and close technical cooperation with suppliers. Some of its advantages, such as reduction of defects and engineering changes, can facilitate implementation of a global purchasing strategy. 

Process complexity is not limited only to development processes, since industrial processes also are impacted by the requirements that are to be fulfilled by products as well as company internal objectives such as target zero defect, lean, green and compliant manufacturing [84]. Besides, innovation leads, for instance, to applying new processes and materials, which may imply a higher degree of complexity like in smart factories. 

In conclusion, the analyses and discussions refer to the conceptual framework, hypothesis, and concepts derived from the literature review to elucidate the significance of entrepreneurs responses and their relationship to the research outcomes. It is concluded emphatically that the SMEs entrepreneurs in manufactoring should focus on performance measurement related to lean manufacturing factors (product quality, process qualify, waste, defects, suppliers, work-in-process, output. 

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