Leadbeater

Remarkably, one year later Leadbeater described that biaryls can be synthesized via a Suzuki-type coupling under transition-metal free conditions [51, 52]. The reaction conditions were almost identical to those reported for the ligand-free process, with the difference being that a larger amoimt of Na2C03 and arylboronic acid were used. Only one successful example of a heteroaryl haUde substrate is shown namely, the coupling of 2-bromopyridine with phenylboronic acid (Scheme 32). 3-Bromothiophene did not couple under the same reaction conditions. Unfortimately, attempts to use heteroarylboronic acids such as 3-pyridinylboronic acid, 3-thienylboronic acid, and lH-indol-5-ylboronic acid on 4-bromoacetophenone completely failed. 

Early 2005, Leadbeater s team reported that the previously claimed tran-sition-metal-free Suzuki-type protocol was definitely palladium-catalyzed [ 53 ]. Palladium contaminants down to the level of 50 ppb found in commercially available sodium carbonate were responsible for the generation of the biaryl. For good product yields in a short reaction time under microwave irradiation, a loading of 1 ppm Pd was required. 

Leadbeater described the use of Ni(CN)2 for the microwave-assisted cyanation of (hetero)aryl bromides [81]. The use of 0.6equiv of Ni(CN)2 was found to be optimal. Unfortunately, the heteroaryl bromides reported in the study gave relatively low yields due to significant decomposition (Scheme 70). 

Besant, Annie Wood and Charles Webster Leadbeater. Occult chemistry. 1st ed ed. 

Besant, Annie Wood and Charles Webster Leadbeater.Occult chemistry investigations by clairvoyant magnification into the structure of the atoms of the periodic table and of some compounds edited by C. Jinarajadasa, assisted by Elizabeth W. 

Besant, Annie Wood and Charles Webster Leadbeater.Occult chemistry clairvoyant observations on the chemical elements Revised ed., edited by A. P. Sinnett. Edited by Alfred Percy Sinnett. London Theosophical Publishing House, 1919. iv, p., 1 1., 109, x p. 

Applying the concept of using solvents doped with ionic liquids in order to allow microwave heating to high temperatures (see Section 4.3.3.2), Leadbeater and Tore-nius studied the Diels-Alder reaction between 2,3-dimethylbutadiene and methyl acrylate (Scheme 6.91) [190]. This reaction is traditionally performed in toluene or... 

The group of Leadbeater reported a different type of Mannich reaction, which involved condensation of an aldehyde (1.5 equivalents) with a secondary amine and a terminal alkyne, in the presence of copper(I) chloride (10 mol%) to activate the... 

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