Lead toxicity subclinical effects

Youssef, S.A.H., Effect of subclinical lead toxicity on the immune response of chickens to Newcastle s disease virus vaccine, Res. Vet. Sci. 60, 13, 1996. 

Sachs, 1974) indicated that the incidence of high lead exposure appeared to be falling. This was due to such factors as the changes in the population of the children being screened, increased awareness about lead neurotoxicity, and slum clearance programmes. Death from lead poisoning is now almost zero and encephalopathy is rare. This in turn has focussed attention on the subclinical effects of lead toxicity. 

Stratification of lead s toxicity in humans into diagnosable disease or probabilistic risks of disease is not simply defined by where exposures and toxic effects align across the full spectrum of lead s dose—response relationships. That is, one cannot infer that only historic clinical effects at high Pb exposures comprise diagnosable disease and that subclinical effects always require population or epidemiological approaches. See the historical scientific perspective on these topics by Mushak (1992). 

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