Lead pipe, cost

Lead pipe, cost of, 506-507 Least squares analysis, 760-764 Ledgers in accounting, 138, 144-145 Legal liability, 262-263 fessing rings, 688-690 Level controllers, cost of 813... 

Together with the aqueducts, the Romans also advanced the technology of water distribution from the aqueducts to multiple sites—baths, residences, fountains, etc. Plumbing is derived from the Latin word plumbum which means lead. Piping used in Roman times included lead pipes, masonry channels as well as earthenware pipes. The water was delivered to baths and some public homes at a constant rate. The cost of the water was charged based on the pipe cross-sectional area, which served as a restriction orifice (Chanson, 2002,2008). 

Advantages internal cathodic protection provides a less intrusive approach than the complete removal of a lead pipe it is a less costly repair as no significant trenching is required as well as less destruction of paved and road surfaces. 

Unit costs of replacing domestic lead pipes... 

Units costs are likely to range from 500 to 2,000 per domestic lead pipe replaced, depending on pipe lengths, ground conditions, re-instatement of garden frontages and internal re-decoration. 

Unit costs of total lead pipe replacement... 

Units costs are therefore likely to range from 1,000 to 4,000 for total lead pipe replacement per property. 

For a population of 100,000 and an average residency of 2.5 people per dwelling, the water supply system will serve 40,000 dwellings. If 50% of these dwellings (i.e., 20,000) have a lead service pipe, the replacement cost will be between 10 M and 40 M. If 25% of these dwellings (i.e., 10,000) have a domestic lead pipe, the replacement cost will be between 5 M and 20 M. 

Therefore, the cost of total lead pipe replacement will be between 15 M and 60 M. 

Total lead pipe replacement assuming a cost of 15 M spread over 10 years... 

Dosing ortho-phosphate to control plumbosolvency costs considerable less than lead pipe replacement. 

Van Dongen, C., Oorthuizen, W. and Tielemans, M. (2008). Central conditioning and lead pipe removal in the drinking water supply of the Hague. Proceedings of an International Conference on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water. Antalya, Turkey. 29-31 October 2007. COST Action 637. 

As a result of the first two factors, consumers would have placed a value on the durability of service lines, and would have been willing to pay for such durability. In contrast, because the rates local water companies charged for water were heavily regulated, it would have been difficult for water companies to fully capture the future benefits of long-lived service lines, unless they charged consumers directly for the installation of those lines. Therefore, a positive correlation between the owner-pays dummy and lead use is expected. And in the raw data, this is exactly what is observed Of the 14 towns where the water company assumed all the costs of installing service pipes, only 1 (7 percent) used lead pipes of the 60 towns where consumers paid for the service pipe, in part or in full, 21 (35 percent) used lead pipes. 

Porritt (1934), pp. 69-70, replaced his lead pipes with pipes of block tin, but he was a relatively wealthy man. See chapter 7 for a discussion of the costs and benefits of block tin or tin-lined pipes. 

Tubercles are mounds of corrosion product and deposit that cap localized regions of metal loss. Tubercles can choke pipes, leading to diminished flow and increased pumping costs (Fig. 3.1). Tubercles form on steel and cast iron when surfaces are exposed to oxygenated waters. Soft waters with high bicarbonate alkalinity stimulate tubercle formation, as do high concentrations of sulfate, chloride, and other aggressive anions. 

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