Lateral hopping

Komeda T, Kim Y, Kawai M, Persson BNJ, Ueba H (2002) Lateral hopping of molecules induced by excitation of internal vibration mode. Science 295 2055... 

Transigauche isomerization Rotational diffusion about the long axis Lateral hopping of lipids and proteins Transit time of ions in Na Channel... 

Upon mashing, small amounts of tannin go into the solution from the malt, and later, during the boiling with hops, more tannin goes into the wort. Tannins from both barley and hops are leucoanthocyanin stmctures, in some cases they are derivatives of quercetin [117-39-5], cathechins are not found. The turbidities in beer, rich in leucoanthocyanins, are composed of peptones, peptides, and condensation products of the tannins of malts and hops. 

The above two mechanisms may be regarded as isolated ion hops. Sometimes, especially in solid electrolytes, cooperative ion migration occurs. An example is shown in Fig. 2.1(c) for the so-called interstitialcy or knock-on mechanism. A Na" ion. A, in an interstitial site in the conduction plane of j -alumina (see later) cannot move unless it persuades one of the three surrounding Na ions, B, C or D, to move first. Ion A is shown moving in direction 1 and, at the same time, ion B hops out of its lattice site in either of the directions, 2 or 2. It is believed that interstitial Ag" ions in AgCl also migrate by an interstitialcy mechanism, rather than by a direct interstitial hop. 

Catpoly A polymerization process for making hnear olefins for use in making ethers for use as gasoline additives. Developed by HOP, later supplanted by IFP s Polynaphta Essence process. 

This rate law corresponds to an atom jumping out of a potential well by completely breaking i lateral bonds. The transition rate is independent of the energy of the final configuration, i.e, contains no information about the site to which the atom hops, see Figure 1(a). One sets... 

Here, the potentiometric selectivity coefficient is given with respect to the hydroxyl ion. Single-crystal lanthanum fluoride is a wide bandgap semiconductor in which the electrical conductivity is due only to the hopping mobility of fluoride ions through the defects in the crystal. It does not respond to the La3+ ion because of the slow ion exchange of that ion. Hydroxyl ion is the only other ion that has appreciable mobility, and is the only known interference. For this reason, the measurements with a fluoride electrode are always done below pH 7, which circumvents this interference. As shown later, the consideration of ionic and/or electronic conductivity of the membrane plays a critical role also in the design of the internal contact in nonsymmetric potentiometric sensors. 

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