Laser ions gadolinium

Additional evidence which shows that the deuterium enhancement of laser performance is not principally caused by an increased efficiency of the transfer of energy from ligand to europium ion is provided by the data in Table IV which show that the already short lifetime of the triplet state in the gadolinium chelate is not at all changed by deuteration of the ligand or solvent. 

The commercially important samarium-containing minerals are treated with concentrated sulfuric acid or, in the case of monazite, with a solution of sodium hydroxide (73%) at approximately 40°C (104°E) and under pressure. The element is separated from the solutions via solvent extraction or ion exchange. Sm salts are weakly yellow and may exhibit ion emission. Sm ions show luminescence and are sometimes used to generate lasers. Samarium is used in the manufacture of headphones and tape drivers, see ALSO Cerium Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Holmium Lanthanum Lutetium Neodymium Praseodymium Promethium Terbium Ytterbium. 

T (H2O) = 2. 75 ms. The photophysical characteristics are weU documented (luminescence decay in D2O and at 77 K) residual water molecules ( H20 0.2-0.4) and triplet state energy of gadolinium complex (25,150 cm ) however the actual expected brightness upon laser excitation cannot be compared with other complexes since the absorbance at 337 nm is not reported. The conjugation of the complex with biomolecules was performed by its derivatization (as isothiocyanate) in relatively low yield using a tedious synthetic protocol. Unfortunately, for either the bis-pyrazolylpyridine or the bis-pyrazolylpyrimidine lanthanide complexes, no data are available concerning the stability in the presence of EDTA or competing ions (Mn Ca " ) or in potentially troublesome but basic buffer as phosphate buffer therefore, it is hard to evaluate the real usefulness of these complexes in a real bioassay, as in the HTS context. 

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