Large Eddy Simulation computational fluid dynamics model

Another detailed method of determining pressures is computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which uses a numerical solution of simplified equations of motion over a dense grid of points around the building. Murakami et al. and Zhoy and Stathopoulos found less agreement with computational fluid dynamics methods using the k-e turbulence model typically used in current commercial codes. More advanced turbulence models such as large eddy simulation were more successful but much more costly. ... 

For the research or assessment mode, the models can be more sophisticated, including the large eddy simulations (LES) or other high-order turbulence closure models, down-scaling with obstacle-resolved computer fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, but such models are very expensive computationally (see e.g., Mahura et al., 2005 [389]). For the forecasting mode, the models have to be fast enough therefore, they use... 

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