Lanthanides gadolinium

Terbium (Tb) with electronic configuration of [Xe] 6s 5d 4f is the first 4f-shell element past half-filling. It is the second of the heavy lanthanides (gadolinium being the first). The nominal filling of its 4f shell consists of seven electrons forming a spherically symmetric half-shell and one... 

Another characteristic change across the lanthanide series is that of the paramagnetism of the ions this rises to a maximum at neodymium, then falls to samarium, then rises to a second maximum at gadolinium before falling finally to zero at the end of the series. 

Analysis of the lanthanide-induced crystalline arrays by negative staining (Fig. 5) or freeze-fracture electron microscopy reveals obliquely oriented rows of particles, corresponding to individual Ca -ATPase molecules [119]. The unit cell dimensions for the gadolinium-induced Ca -ATPase crystals are a = 6. l A, b = 54.4 A and y = 111°. Similar cell constants were obtained for the crystals induced by lanthanum, praseodymium and calcium. The unit cell dimensions of the Ei crystals are consistent with a single Ca -ATPase monomer per unit cell. The space group of the Eptype crystals is PI [119], while that of the E2 crystals is P2 [88,90]. 

Some gadolinium-based MOF have also revealed the peculiar dynamics of the magnetization with the appearance of the out-of-phase component of the dynamic magnetization in presence of an applied static magnetic field. This behaviour, which is reminiscent of the field-induced slow relaxation that characterize many lanthanide-based SMMs, is however not related to the magnetic anisotropy, which is vanishingly small in most Gd3+ systems. 

It is interesting to stress that the spin chirality observed in the gadolinium radical chains differs from the more usual one that characterizes anisotropic materials and is solely due to the significant strength of NNN interactions between lanthanide ions that are very far apart. The mechanism responsible for this interaction remains unclear and the complexity of the system has, up to now, hampered an ab initio investigation of the phenomenon. 

Of the lanthanide (III) ions, gadolinium(III) is exceptional, being the only isotropic paramagnetic ion of this series. Anisotropy, D, in 3d systems has been shown to hinder a large magnetocaloric effect at low temperatures as demonstrated by... 

The unsuitability of non-gadolinium(III) lanthanide(III) ions has been demonstrated empirically by Zheng et al. [32]. The isostructural pair of compounds [Ln(III)8Co(II)8(OH)4(N03)4(03PtBu)8(02CtBu)16], where Ln(III) is either Gd(III) or Dy(III), are 3d-4f phosphonates, with the core structure shown in Figure 9.10. See the comprehensive review in [32] from whence Figure 9.10 is taken for a huge study of lanthanide-cobalt-phosphonate compounds. 

For the Gd(III) compound -ASf is 21.4Jkg 1 K 1 (AH = 0 — 7T, 3K), whereas for Dy(III) this is only 11.6 J kg-11<-1. This is accounted for by the lower spin of Dy(III), but what is interesting is the fact that - ASM has already passed through a maximum at 4I<, compared to the Gd(III) plot, which is still rising at 3K, which is qualitatively in line with the work of Evangelisti and Brechin [13] for 3d metals. From this, we can say that the best lanthanide(III) for low-temperature MCE is gadolinium(III) indeed, there are only a handful of compounds using Dy(III) reported for this application. 

Lanthanum chromite is the most common base for SOFC interconnects, but chromites of other lanthanide elements have also been used [43, 45, 46, 48, 54, 55], Although the conductivity of calcium-doped gadolinium chromite for low calcium contents is in the upper range of conductivities for lanthanum chromite, other nonlanthanum chromites typically have lower conductivities. However, the use of other lanthanides provides benefits in controlling the phase transformation temperature and in potential cost savings [48],... 

Catalysis of the aminolysis of epoxides by lanthanide triflates (ytterbium, neodymium and gadolinium trifluoromethanesulphonate) has been reported (e.g. equation 26)68. 

The requirements for a successful agent for the removal of radioactive actinides from the body are even more stringent than for the use of lanthanides in diagnosis. For gadolinium it is necessary that the hydroxypyridinonate complex is very stable, to avoid significant release of toxic Gd (aq), is sufficiently soluble, and has an appropriate HLB. For actinide elimination it is also necessary for the chelator to be sufficiently soluble and to have suitable targeting properties. It is also desirable that the chelator does not have such a... 

Gadolinium is silvery-white, soft, malleable, and ductile with a metallic luster. It is the second of what is referred to as the dysprosium, subgroup in the middle of the lanthanide series of rare-earths. It tarnishes in air, forming the oxide (Gd O ) on the surface, which flakes off the surface, exposing a fresh metal that in turn oxidi2es. 

After the discovery of plutoninm and before elements 95 and 96 were discovered, their existence and properties were predicted. Additionally, chemical and physical properties were predicted to be homologous (similar) to europium (gjEu) and gadolinium ( Gd), located in the rare-earth lanthanide series just above americium (gjAm) and curium ((,jCm) on the periodic table. Once discovered, it was determined that curium is a silvery-white, heavy metal that is chemically more reactive than americium with properties similar to uranium and plutonium. Its melting point is 1,345°C, its boihng point is 1,300°C, and its density is 13.51g/cm. ... 

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