Lanthanides and actinides elements

Table 3. Electronic Configurations for Gaseous Atoms of Lanthanide and Actinide Elements...

There is no single best form of the periodic table since the choice depends on the purpose for which the table is used. Some forms emphasize chemical relations and valence, whereas others stress the electronic configuration of the elements or the dependence of the periods on the shells and subshells of the atomic structure. The most convenient form for our purpose is the so-called long form with separate panels for the lanthanide and actinide elements (see inside front cover). There has been a lively debate during the past decade as to the best numbering system to be used for the individual... 

Unsubstituted bisphthalocyanines 2 are formed in the presence of several elements which exist in a stable oxidation state of + III or +IV such as titanium, zirconium, hafnium, indium and most of the lanthanide and actinide elements. 

Webb LM, Taylor DM, Williams DR. 1998. Computer modeling of the chemical speciation of lanthanide and actinide elements in the human gastrointestinal tract Mouth and stomach. Radiat Prot Dosim 79(l/4) 219-222. 

Figure 5.13. Scheme of correspondence between the different lanthanide and actinide elements which may be assumed on the basis of several similarities and analogies in their chemical and alloying behaviours. 

Wish, L., E. C. Freiling and R. Bunney Ion-Exchange as a Separation Method. VIII. Relative Elution Position of Lanthanide and Actinide Elements with Lactic Acid Eluant at 87° C. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 76, 3444 (1954). 

Molecular Interactions Reaction Kinetics Basic Spectroscopy X-ray Crystallography Lanthanide and Actinide Elements Maths for Chemists Bioinorganic Chemistry Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Biology for Chemists Multi-element NMR... 

F. T. Edelmann, Scandium, yttrium and the lanthanide and actinide elements, excluding their zero oxidation state complexes in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry II (eds. E. W. Abel, EG. A. Stone and G. Wilkinson), Elsevier, Oxford, 1995, vol. 4 (ed.M.F. Lappert), ch. 2. 

The lower half of most modern periodic tables contains two rows that seem to float apart from the rest of the elements. These two rows are the lanthanides and actinides. By atomic number, they should fall into Periods 6 and 7 of the table. Some extra-long tables do squeeze them into these periods. But the lanthanide and actinide elements have a few special features that truly set them apart from the rest of the transition metals. 

The lanthanide and actinide elements are located at the bottom of the periodic table in two rows separate from the rest of the elements. By atomic number, they should be located in Periods 6 and 7, but they have special properties that distinguish them from elements in those periods. Lanthanides are very similar to each other and have some industrial uses. Many of the actinides were discovered as part of the first atomic bomb experiments. They are highly radioactive and have few uses. The transuranium elements were mostly created in the laboratory and are very short-lived. 

J.S. Alvarado, T.J. Neal, L.L. Smith and M.D. Erickson, Microwave Dissolution of Plant Tissue and the Subsequent Determination of Trace Lanthanide and Actinide Elements by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, Analytica Chimica Acta 322, 11-20 (1996). 

The purification procedures outlined above provide separation of berkelium from all trivalent lanthanides and actinides with the notable exception of cerium. Since berkelium and cerium exhibit nearly identical redox behavior, most redox separation procedures include a Bk-Ce separation step (21, 27, 37-41). Separation of Bk(III) from Ce(III) and other trivalent lanthanide and actinide elements can also be accomplished without the use of redox procedures (37, 39-47). 

Most ionic halides dissolve in water to give hydrated metal ions and halide ions. However, the lanthanide and actinide elements in the +3 and +4 oxidation states form fluorides insoluble in water. Fluorides of Li, Ca, Sr, and Ba also are sparingly soluble, the lithium compound being precipitated by ammonium fluoride. Lead gives a sparingly soluble salt PbCIF, which can be used for gravimetric determination of F . The chlorides, bromides, and iodides of Ag1, Cu1, Hg1, and Pbn are also quite insoluble. The solubility through a series of mainly ionic halides of a... 

There have been no reports of SO2 insertion into a metal-carbon bond of the lanthanide and actinide elements. 

F. T. Edelmann, Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanide and Actinide Elements, Excluding their Zero Oxidation State Complexes, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry IF, eds. F. G. A. Stone, G. Wilkinson, and E. W. Abel, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1995, Vol. 4, Chap. 2 p. 11. 

To discuss the tetrad effect quantitatively, Nugent analyzed lanthanide and actinide elements using the approximate electronic repulsive energy equation proposed by Jprgensen [15]. He suggested that the electronic repulsive energy between the electrons of the f configuration is related to the electron number q. In fact, the macro tetrad effect is a representation of the relationship between and q. 

The Chemistry of the Heavier Transition Metals 587 Oxidation States and EMFs of Groups ]-12 588 The Lanthanide and Actinide Elements 599 Coordination Chemistry 608 The Transactinide Elements 613... 

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