Land tenure

Land tenure Communal, in the 60ties shift from communal land ownership to individual land ownership Land mainly individual ownership with scattered pockets of communal land Individual land tenure but with increased population, the land holdings becomes small and hence need for them to be used intensively, thus the emergence of farming techniques such as LEISA - demand on farm land is high Decreased land holding (Smallholder farmers)... 

Arrangements (financial, land tenure, and extension) to produce biomass... 

Land Tenure Local Practice and Fiscal Shorthand... 

A hypothetical case of customary land tenure practices may help demonstrate how difficult it is to assimilate such practices to the bare-bones schema of a modern cadastral map. The patterns I will describe are an amalgam of practices I have encountered in the literature of or in the course of fieldwork in Southeast Asia, and although the case is hypothetical, it is not unrealistic. 

The novel state-imposed form of land tenure was far more revolutionary than a door-and-window tax. It established a whole new institutional nexus. However simple and uniform the new tenure system was to an administrator, it flung villagers willy-nilly into a world of title deeds, land offices, fees, assessments, and applications. They faced powerful new specialists in the form of land clerks, surveyors, judges, and lawyers whose rules of procedure and decisions were unfamiliar. 

From the perspective of a tax official or a military procurement unit, the situation was nearly unfathomable. The land-tenure status in... 

No such political scruples were in evidence in the colonies, where administrative convenience and commercial logic prevailed over popular opinion and practice. See, for example, the fine case study by Dennis Galvan, Land Pawning as a Response to the Standardization of Tenure, chap. 4 of The State Is Now Master of Fire Peasant Lore, Land Tenure, and Institutional Adaptation in the Siin Region of Senegal (Ph.D. diss.. Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, 1996). 

For a remarkably thoughtful and thorough examination of how the colonial legal code transformed land-dispute settlement, land tenure, and social structure, see Sally Falk Moore, Social Facts and Fabrications "Customary Law on Mount Kilimanjaro, 1880-1980 (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1986). 

Brondizio, E.S., C. A.M. Safar, and A.D. Siqueira. 2002. The urban market of acai fruit (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and rural land use change Ethnographic insights into the role of price and land tenure constraining agricultural choices in the Amazon estuary. Urban Ecosys. 6(l) 67-97. 

With the rise of the Carolingian Franks (687-842) and the subsequent spread of feudal relationships and land tenure, even the tutela of pre-Byzantine Roman law disappeared in many areas of the former Western Empire. In place of Roman guardianship, the Franks introduced feudal wardship, a Germanic institution that took no interest in the welfare of orphans. 

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