Lakes hydrostatic pressure

There are several types of environments on Earth where significant water exists at prevalent low temperatures such that ice and liquid aqueous solutions commonly coexist permafrost, snow, glaciers, lake and river ice, sea ice, and parts of the atmosphere (polar troposphere, global upper troposphere, and stratosphere). In addition, the deep sea floor occurs at temperatures very close to the freezing point of water. For example, temperatures in the oceanic abysses hover around 2°C at a maximum hydrostatic pressure of 1100 bars (10,660 m) in the Mariana Trench (Yayanos, 1995). Table 4.1 summarizes some of these environments. Furthermore, in some permafrost and sea-floor environments, the presence of nonpolar gases under pressure can stabilize a modified form of ice known as gas hydrates even where temperatures are not quite low enough for ordinary ice to form. 

Monohydrocalcite has been observed rarely in lake sediments and biologic material (Hull and Turnbull, 1973). It generally is found as spherulitic aggregates which may slowly convert to aragonite or calcite. Like ikaite, its formation is favored by low temperatures and high hydrostatic pressures. 

Hydrological monitoring is based on data collected from 1000 gauging stations in rivers, lakes and water reservoirs. Information on the water levels is supplied in 10 minute cycles. Water level gauges used by hydrological stations are either electric sensors for hydrostatic pressure or optical sensors. The hydrological monitoring system is of key importance for flood risk evaluation and for prevention of flood effects. 

Human life is sustained under moderate environments which are generally described by conditions with pH near neutral, temperatures between 4 and 40°C, pressure around 1 atm, water, nutrients and salts at adequate levels, and low hydrostatic pressure and ionizing radiations. Thus ecological systems such as hot springs, salt and soda lakes, deserts and ocean beds and deep thermal vents that are not compatible with the growth and survival of human beings are considered as being extreme [10, 63]. Extreme conditions can refer to physical... 

Pressure manifests itself under both static and dynamic conditions—the bottom of a lake or the sea is an example of static conditions while both wind blowing or liquid flowing through a pipe are examples of dynamic pressure. The pressure (Pa) at the bottom of a tank or reservoir is equal to the hydrostatic head of the... 

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