Laboratory-on-a-chip systems

Laboratory-on-a-chip systems use immittance and dielectric variables measured with microelectrodes. In flow sensors, cell properties are measured with microelectrodes, and cell characterization and cell separation are performed. Properties of protein molecules have, for many years, been determined by the established methods of electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is based on the electric charge of cells and proteins, and the driving force exerted by an electric field. AU sorts of liquid suspensions with cells or bacteria can be measured with bioimmittance or permittivity. Cell adherence and cell micromotion can be monitored with microelectrodes equipped with a thin surface coating. 

Hughes MP (2002) Strategies for dielectrophoretic separation in laboratory-on-a-chip systems. Electrophoresis 23 2569-2582... 

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