Krystal crystallizer

Krystal Crystallization Equipment , Bulletin 50a, Warren, Pa (19 4S) 3)Kirk Othmer 4 (1948), 619-36, A.R.Thompson, Crystalliza-tinn 4 A - i/ 5 "Pbvs csl Wsthods of... 

Palmer, K. (1970) Product size performance from Oslo-Krystal crystallizers. In Industrial Crystallization, Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium, London, 190-201. Pamplin, B.R. (1980) Crystal Growth, 2nd edn., Pergamon, Oxford. 

Figure 3.3 Agitated crystallizers (/) Swenson DTB Draft tube and baffle), (ii) Forced circulation (a) with and (b) without external heat exchange, in) Krystal Oslo a) circulating liquor b) circulating slurry...

Figure 9.18 Continuous crystallizers, a) draft-tube and baffle (DTB), (b) single effect forced-circulation evaporative, (c) Oslo or Krystal type after Rohani, 2001)...

Berg-kalk, m. rock time (Geol.) mountain limestone. -kiesel, m. rock flint, chert felsite. -kohle,/. (mineral) coal, -kork, m. mountain cork (a light form of asbestos), -kreide, /. rock lime, -kristall, -krystall, m. rock crystal (transparent quartz), -kupfer, n. native copper, -lasur, /. azurite. -leder, n. mountain leather (a form of asbestos), -maun, m miner. 

All the CSD data examined in this work are those obtained by CEC (Crystal Engineering Corp.) style Krystal-Oslo type crystallizer (Figure 5), except sample no.22 by DTB type crystallizer. Figure 6 and Table III illustrate some examples of... 

Figure 8.16. Some types of evaporators, (a) Horizontal tube, (b) Calandria type, (c) Thermocompressor evaporator, (d) Long tube vertical, (e) Falling film, (f) Forced circulation evaporator-crystallizer, (g) Three types of Oslo/Krystal circulating liquid evaporator-crystallizers.

In circulating-liquor crystallizers, such as the Krystal-Oslo unit, supersaturation is created in what is essentially clear liquor. This clear liquor is then transported to the crystal bed where the supersaturation is released. 

Pockels, F. Ueber die Aenderungen des optischen Verhaltens und die elastischen Deformationen dielektrischer Krystalle im elektrischen Felde. [Concerning the changes in the optical behavior and the elastic deformations of dielectric crystals in electric fields.] Neues Jahrb. Mineral. 7, 201-231 (1891). 

Pockels, F. Ueber den Einfluss des elektrostatischen Feldes auf das optische Ver-halten piezoelektrischer Krystalle. [Concerning the influence of an electrostatic field on the optical behavior of piezoelectric crystals.] Neues Jahrb. Mineral. 241-255 (1894). 

Lehmann, O. Uber fliessende Krystalle. [On liquid crystals.] Z. Phys. Chem. 4, 462-473 (1889). 

Xtal-3D http //www.ill.fr/dif/3D-crystals/xtal-3d.html XtalDraw http //www.geo.arizona.edu/xtal/xtaldraw/xtaldraw.html ZDS System http //krystal.karlov.mff.cuni.cz/xray/zds/zdscore.htm ZEFSA II http //www.mwdeem.rice.edu/zefsall/... 

Figure 8.45. Oslo-Krystal evaporator types a) waisted, (b) and (c) monolithic. A and B, circulating liquor outlet and inlet C, vapour outlet D, crystal magma outlet E, liquor overflow. After Bamforth, 1965)...

The principles of the Oslo-Krystal process, already referred to above in connection with cooling crystallizers, can also be applied to evaporative crystallization. Three forms of the Oslo-Krystal evaporating crystallizer are shown in Figure 8.45. The construction of these crystallizers, commonly used in multiple-effect systems, is of the closed form, i.e. the vaporizer is directly connected with the crystallizer body to form a sealed unit. 

Bamforth (1965) has given operating details of several Oslo-Krystal plants producing ammonium sulphate. Oslo-Krystal evaporating crystallizers have also been used for the manufacture of ammonium nitrate, borax, boric acid, sodium chloride, sodium dichromate and oxalic acid. In the case of sodium chloride, this type of crystallizer can, when operated under appropriate conditions, also produce spherical crystals of a median size 2-3 mm as opposed to the <0.5 mm cubic crystals normally produced in a conventional forced circulation evaporating crystallizer. An example of this interesting and commercially useful crystalline form is shown in Figure 8.46 where a microscopic inspection of... 

As described above, the Oslo-Krystal unit is a fluidized-bed agitated crystallizer in which the gentle action minimizes secondary nucleation and allows large crystals to grow. Oslo-Krystal vacuum crystallizers can be of the open Figure 8.51) or closed Figure 8.45) types. In the former the crystallization zone is at atmospheric pressure. In the latter all parts of the equipment are under reduced pressure. 

Figure 8.51. An Oslo-Krystal vacuum crystallizer showing two different methods of operation a) classified suspension, b) mixed suspension. After Saeman, 1956)...

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