Knowledge-based activities

The project called I Teach (Innovative Teacher) was introduced in the Fall of 2005 in order to meet the concrete needs of gaining skills and competencies which are essential to knowledge-based activities as well as independent continuous learning. The project aims al designing a set of practical methodologies, approaches, and tools to be used on a daily basis by trainers and teachers. The project answers the assumption of the Leonardo da Vinci project for the years 2005-2006 which is continuous education of trainers and teachers [2],... 

Algorithm for identification of pharmacodynamic drag interactions is based on comparison of biological activity spectra of the compounds (in the block diagram they are labeled as compound 1 and compound 2), predicted by PASS, together with information from the PharmaExpert knowledge base ( activity-activity relationships). Antagonistic pharmacodynamic effects are determined by ... 

Knowledge-based activities can be evaluated. An individual s underpinning knowledge can be... 

The first oil boom (1973-1986) witnessed two key types of megaprojects for diversification which have remained the models today. The first of these, resource-based industriahzation, represents a sensible strategy for an oil-rich and labor-deficient economy. Petrochemical, plastic and aluminum complexes are capital-and resource-intensive, but require few workers (Auty, 1988). Prominent early examples of these include Jubail and Yanbu in Saudi Arabia (1975), Saudi Arabia Basic Industries Corporation (1977), Dubai Aluminum (1975), and Bahrain Aluminum and Steel (1985). The second includes service, and more reeently, knowledge-based activities. Prominent early examples include Bahrain as an offshore banking center (1975), and Dubai s Jebel Ali Port (1975) and Free Zone (1985) (Fasano, 2003). 

In Figure 2.6, the slips/mistakes distinction is further elaborated by relating it to the Rasmussen SRK classification of performance discussed earlier. Slips can be described as being due to misapplied competence because they are examples of the highly skilled, well practiced activities that are characteristic of the skill-based mode. Mistakes, on the other hand, are largely confined to the rule and knowledge-based domains. 

Knowledge-based data mining algorithms used for correlation of molecular properties with specific activities play an increasingly significant role in modern strategies of chemical library design as relatively inexpensive, yet comprehensive tools. The ability to identify compounds with the desired... 

This is useful, albeit basic, information for an ES working in the domain of sick cars. If you are employed as a car mechanic, you are not likely to benefit from, or even be interested in, the presence within the knowledge base of details about how lead sulfate batteries degrade with age and how any diminution in concentration of the active materials in the battery can be related through the Nernst equation to a reduction in its voltage. In the context of car repair, all that you need to know is that the battery is dead and the car will not start, so it will need replacing or recharging. 

The enthusiasm for using Caco-2 cells and other epithelial cell cultures in studies of drug transport processes has been explained by the ease with which new information can be derived from these fairly simple in vitro models [7]. For instance, drug transport studies in Caco-2 cells grown on permeable supports are easy to perform under controlled conditions. This makes it possible to extract information about specific transport processes that would be difficult to obtain in more complex models such as those based on whole tissues from experimental animals. Much of our knowledge about active and passive transport mechanisms in epithelia has therefore been obtained from Caco-2 cells and other epithelial cell cultures [10-15]. This has been possible since Caco-2 cells are unusually well differentiated. In many respects they are therefore functionally similar to the human small intestinal enterocyte, despite the fact that they originate from a human colorectal carcinoma [16, 17]. 

The preclinical knowledge base is initially developed by designing studies to answer fundamental questions. The development of this knowledge base is generally applicable to most pharmaceuticals as well as biopharmaceuticals, and include data to support (1) the relationship of the dose to the biological activity, (2) the relationship of the dose to the toxicity, (3) the effect of route and/or schedule on activity or toxicity and (4) identification of the potential risks for subsequent clinical studies. These questions are considered in the context of indication and/or disease state. In addition there are often unique concerns related to the specific category or product class. 

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