Kinetics in water

Bibo A M and Peterson I R 1989 Disclination recombination kinetics in water-surface monolayers of 22-tricosenoic acid Thin Solid Films 178 81-92... 

Oxidation states higher than + 3 are exhibited by Ce, Pr, and Tb, but only Ce4+ is stable (kinetically) in water. It is a very strong oxidizing agent in aqueous solution ( ° = 1.74 V) and is used as a volumetric standard in redox titrations. Some of its salts [e.g., cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate, cerium(IV) sulfate] find application in... 

Von Gunten S, Hoigne J, Bruchet A (1995) Oxidation in Ozonation Processes. Application of Reaction Kinetics in Water Treatment, Proceedings of the 12lh Ozone World Congress Lille France, 17-25. 

There has been a comparison of the kinetics, in water over a wide pH range, of the formation of hydroxy adducts from 4,6-dinitrobenzofurazan (12) with those of its... 

Proton transfer reactions and kinetics in water. In H. Eyring and D. Henderson (eds.). Theoretical Chemistry Advances and Perspectives, volume 3, pp. 177-234. 

All available publications on the kinetics of furfural formation are based on xylose in water. Thus, it is hardly surprising that these kinetics are found to be far from correct when they are applied to the pentose contained in sulfite liquor, the obvious reason being that this liquor contains substances known to react with furfural and with intermediates of the pentose-to-furfural conversion [19], with lignosulfonate being the main culprit, so that the quantity of furfural produced per unit mass of pentose is very much smaller than what kinetics in water predict. In other words, the kinetics of furfural formation in water must he supplemented by further loss terms. So far, none of the respective rate constants have been determined. Only an overall yield for special circumstances can he given in a later chapter. 

In 27 runs at various conditions, the operators of this pilot plant found to their distress that the furfural yields were only in the order of 30 percent, in harsh contrast to their expectations of 85 percent, derived from calculations based on the known kinetics in water. The designers had made a fundamental mistake They had measured the rate of pentose disappearance in the sulfite liquor, but not the rate of furfural formation, and as the rate of pentose disappearance was far greater than what had to be expected when the liquor s hydrogen ion concentration was used in the known kinetics of xylose disappearance in acid water, they had concluded that the lignosulfonate of the liquor had a special catalytic effect on the pentose-to-furfural conversion. They had overlooked that the fast disappearance of the pentose in the liquor was not due to a mysterious catalysis but caused by loss reactions of the pentose with lignosulfonate and other ingredients of the liquor. 

Chernovitz, A. C. and Jonah, C. D. 1988. Isotopic dependence of recombination kinetics in water. J. Phys. 

Equilibrium Kinetics in Water/DMF Mixtures Logarithmic Relaxation... 

Test films were cut into 1 centimeter squares from a template and dissolution kinetics in water were measured as described earlier (8, 9). 

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