Kinetic operators photoelectron spectroscopy

Perhaps the best methods for demonstrating the existence of adsorption in a soil are optical, magnetic resonance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which give direct evidence for the presence of adsorbed species. These methods currently are under development for application to soils extensive calibration with well-characterized, reference soil minerals. Until this calibration is completed, it is possible to use kinetics data to make an operational distinction between adsorption and precipitation. This strictly empirical method of analyzing sorption data can be illustrated with the important case of o-phosphate reactions. 

As described above, conventional photoelectron spectrometers operate at fixed photon energy while the electron energy is scanned. If a continuous light source is available the photon energy may be scanned while electrons of essentially zero kinetic energy, called threshold electrons, are detected. This is the operational principle of threshold photoelectron spectroscopy (TPES). Threshold electron detection... 

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