Ketose sugars open-chain forms

Aldoses are reducing sugars because they possess an aldehyde function m then-open chain form Ketoses are also reducing sugars Under the conditions of the test ketoses equilibrate with aldoses by way of enediol intermediates and the aldoses are oxidized by the reagent... 

The two most common functional groups found in monosaccharides (in open chain form) are aldehyde and ketone. When a monosaccharide contains an aldehyde, it is known as an aldose, e.g. glucose, and in the case of ketone, it is called a ketose or keto sugar, e.g. fructose. 

The open-chain forms of glycosylamines (see Section 1.2.3) are Schiff bases and are labilised towards deprotonation of an adjacent carbon in much the same way as the open-chain forms of the sugars themselves. Reprotonation of the first-formed enamine on the carbon bearing the nitrogen atom will give an a-aminocarbonyl compound. The formation of a l-deoxy-l-amino-2-ketoses... 

No. The reaction catalyzed by phosphoglucose isomerase is a simple isomerization between an aldose and a ketose and involves the open-chain structures of both sugars. Since glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate are both reducing sugars, their Haworth ring structures are in equilibrium with their open-chain forms. This equilibration is very rapid and does not require an additional enzyme. Note that this isomerization reaction is of the same type as that catalyzed by triosephosphate isomerase. 

COAL 7 Given a Lewis diagram of a monosaccharide in its open-chain form, determine whether the sugar is an aldose or a ketose. COAL 8 Distinguish among monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. 

The open-chain forms of the benzoyl and acetyl derivatives of aldose and ketose sugars are well-characterised crystalline substances which can be... 

OZTs from aldoses and ketoses. The second and the oldest-as well as the less studied—method is based on the condensation of O-unprotected sugars with thiocyanic acid, generated in situ from potassium thiocyanate and a protic acid. The reaction involves the free anomeric position and a y- or (5-hydroxyl group able to promote intramolecular cyclization of a transient open-chain isothiocyanate, to form the thermodynamically most stable OZT. The first results obtained by Zemplen in d-gluco and D-Fru series reported the formation of OZTs fused to pyran backbones (Scheme 20).42... 

A test for reducing sugars, employing the same silver-ammonia complex used as a test for aldehydes. A positive test gives a silver precipitate, often in the form of a silver mirror. Tollens reagent is basic, and it promotes enediol rearrangements that interconvert ketoses and aldoses. Therefore, both aldoses and ketoses give positive Tollens tests if they are in their hemiacetal forms, in equilibrium with open-chain carbonyl structures, (p. 1118)... 

The glucose-6-phosphate formed in the first reaction is rearranged to produce the structural isomer fructose-6-phosphate. The enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase catalyzes this isomerization. The result is that the C-1 carbon of the six-carbon sugar is exposed it is no longer part of the ring structure. Examination of the open-chain structures reveals that this isomerization converts an aldose into a ketose. 

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